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Psychoanalysis
and Faith

THE LETTERS OF
SIGMUND FREUD
& OSKAR PFISTER

Edited by
HEINRIGH MENG and ERNST L. FREUD

Translated by
ERIG MOSBACHER

BASIC BOOKS, Inc., Publishers

New York

© 1963 by Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-22668
Manufactured in the United States of America

CONTENTS

Prefaces

page 7

I by Ernst L. Freud

II by Heinrich Meng

III by Anna Freud

Letters

Index

149

PREFACE
I

This volume of correspondence with the Swiss pastor Oskar
Pfister is the third collection of Freud's letters to be pub-
lished. The first consisted of his letters to Wilhelm Fliess
from the years 1887 to 1902 and appeared under the title
The Origins of Psycho- Analysis.^ The second contained a selec-
tion of mainly personal letters to 102 addressees extending
over Freud's whole life-time.^

We had hoped to publish his correspondence with Pfister
in its entirety but, though Freud's original letters have sur-
vived, Pfister's have not. Some were destroyed by Freud at
Pfister's wish (see letter dated 1.6. 192 7), and others perished
in the hazards of emigration. However, surviving shorthand
notes of Pfister's have made it possible to reconstruct his
letters and hence to fill in a number of important gaps.

The correspondence began in 1909 and ended in 1937, two
years before Freud's death. It consisted altogether of 134
items by Freud, of which nearly a hundred, mostly un-
abbreviated, are reproduced here.

The editors thank Anna Freud for her help in the work
of selection; Professor Herbert Meng's Working Party for
Psycho-Hygiene in Basle University, and in particular one
of its members Christine M. Senn-Duerck, for their assist-
ance in preparing the material for publication; and Frau
Pfister, Pfister's widow, who was assisted by Pastor Pfen-
ninger, for their work on his letters.

Ernst L. Freud

1 Imago, London, 1954; Basic Books, New York, 1954
^ Letters of Sigmuml Freiid. Basic Books, New York, i960; Hogarth Press,
London, 1961

OsKAR Pfister, the youngest of the four sons of a Pro-
testant pastor, was born in Zurich in 1873. He lost his father
at the age of three. After attending school in Zurich he
studied theology, philosophy and psychology in Zurich,
Basle and Berlin. His first congregation was at Wald in the
canton of Zurich, and in 1902 he joined the Zurich circuit,
of which he remained a member until his retirement in 1939.
In 1934 he received an honorary degree from the theological
faculty of the University of Geneva.

His first wife, Erika, nee Wunderli, died in 1929, leaving a
son who is now a psychiatrist in Zurich, His second wife was
a widowed cousin, Martha Zuppinger-Urner, who already
had two children, to whom Pfister was an admirable father.

During the first years of his ministry Pfister wrote a paper
protesting against 'the sins of omission towards psychology of
present-day theology'. In 1908 he came across the work of
Freud, which provided him with the tool for which he had
long sought, enabling him to give additional aid to those
whom his spiritual aid alone had been insufficient. He made
his way to the unconscious and half-conscious sources of
anxiety states, doubts of conscience and obsessional ideas of
those who sought his help and, in so far as medical interven-
tion was not called for, worked with them in loosening up and
dispersing their psychological difficulties, fixations and re-
pressions, and independently laid the foundations of a psycho-
logically oriented system of education and pastoral work.

Between 1909 and his death in 1956 he published numer-
ous books and papers in which he described his work and
observations, in particular on psycho-analytic technique, on
the a'etiological importance of sexuality in the formation of
the neuroses, on religion and hysteria, the psychology of art,
philosophy and psycho-analysis, analysis in pastoral work,
Christianity and anxiety, and related themes.

A matter of especial concern to him was the apphcation of
psycho-analytic findings to education, a field of study to
which he gave the name of paedanalysis.

It would be a great mistake to assume that because of his
work in the field of psycho-analysis Pfister neglected his
pastoral work or his spiritual duties. He was a man incapable
of doing things by halves, and in his ministry he was whole-
heartedly and utterly sincere, radiating warmth and benevo-
lence and helpfulness to all who turned to him. His friend
Pastor Pfenninger writes of him: 'As the representative of a
free Christianity he was opposed to all dogma, but he met
with understanding and love those who held fast to dogma
because of inner ties . . . and he was backed by the love of his
congregation.'

His relations with Freud continued through all the years
of his ministry and were consolidated in numerous letters and
occasional meetings. The two men were real friends. Their
correspondence demonstrates how close and productive was
the bond between them. Their temperaments, and the hon-
esty and integrity which characterised both, often brought
them into sharp conflict, but they also always showed true
tolerance and mutual understanding.

Pfister's Illusion of a Future, written in reply to Freud's The
Future of an Illusion, illustrates the personal courage, critical
ability, practised skill, as well as respect for Freud's great-
ness, with which his theologically and psycho-analytically
trained colleague opposed his master. This controversy is an
example of how scientific discussion with Freud should be
conducted. Difference from Freud does not mean breaking
with him. On the ^contrary, as Goethe said, differing opinions
on a subject need part men only when their basic outlook
differs. But in this Freud and Pfister were closely akin. At the
roots of both lay love of truth, indeed love itself, as the central
factor in obtaining an understanding of mankind, a total lack
of compromise in relation to the ultimate and highest values,
and incorruptibility by praise or blame.

Anumber of Pfister's works were stimulated by conversation

and correspondence with Freud, and similarly Freud took
suggestions from Pfister for his own work. There is, for
instance, no doubt that he accepted the most varied sugges-
tions for the technique of child analysis from Pfister's very
concrete communications concerning the psycho-analysis of
children and young persons at the stage of puberty.

In accordance with Pfister's calling, it was in the pastoral
field that his analytic work was most fruitful. It is interesting
to note that Freud, who speaks of himself as a 'secular
pastoral worker',^ has an open ear for the technique and ex-
periences of the religious and spiritual pastoral worker
Pfister, while the latter emphasises the objectivity of Freud,
who described himself as being devoid of religious feeling. In
this connection Pfister quotes the letter Freud wrote him in
which he said:

In itself psycho-analysis is neither religious nor non-religious,
but an impartial tool which both priest and layman can use in
the service of the sufferer. I am very much struck by the fact that
it never occurred to me how extraordinarily helpful the psycho-
analytic method might be in pastoral work, but that is surely
accounted for by the remoteness from me, as a wicked pagan, of
the whole system of ideas.

Pfister's contributions to the practice of psycho-analysis are
contained in numerous publications. Even more important
than the written word was the impact of his personality. His
thesis that true religion can be a defence against neurosis was
not denied by Freud, though he thought that in this loveless
world it was a rarity and therefore not a thing not to be
depended on.

When he talked about his correspondence with Freud
Pfister was full of gratitude, pride and pleasure at the struc-
ture on which the two 'architects' had worked over the years.
In 1944 he entrusted joint responsibihty for its publication to
the undersigned, subject to the condition that he also im-
posed on Anna Freud, namely that nothing should be pub-
lished that might give offence to any living person.

Heinrich Meng

^ Seelsorger

Ill

In the totally non-religious Freud household Pfister, in his
clerical garb and with the manners and behaviour of a
pastor, was like a visitor from another planet. In him there
was nothing of the almost passionately impatient enthusiasm
for science which caused other pioneers of analysis to regard
time spent at the family table only as an unwelcome inter-
ruption of their theoretical and clinical discussions. On the
contrary, his human warmth and enthusiasm, his capacity
for taking a lively part in the minor events of the day, en-
chanted the children of the household, and made him at all
times a most welcome guest, a uniquely human figure in his
way. To them, as Freud remarked, he was not a holy man,
but a kind of Pied Piper of Hamelin, who had only to play on
his pipe to gather a whole host of willing young followers
behind him.

It was this overflowing of feelings for psycho-analysis to
its founder, and from him to his children, that led Pastor
Pfister after Freud's death to leave the correspondence to me,
'the daughter of his great benefactor', as he called mc, with
permission to make use of suitable material, subject to the
reservation that nothing should be published that might give
offence to any living person.

Anna Freud

THE LETTERS

Berggasse ig,
Vienna /X,
iS.i.igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

I cannot content myself with just thanking you for sending
me your paper Wahnvorstellung und Schiilerselbstmord.'^ I must
also express my satisfaction that our psychiatric work has
been taken up by a minister of religion who has access to the
minds of so many young and healthy individuals. Half in
jest, but really quite seriously, we often complain that psycho-
analysis requires a state of normality for its application and
that the organised abnormalities of mental life impose a
limitation on it, with the result that the optimum conditions
for it exist where it is not needed-/.^., among the healthy.
Now it seems to me that this optimum exists in the conditions
in which you work.

Your name has often been mentioned to me by our com-
mon friend C. G. Jung,^ and I am glad now to be able to
associate a more definite idea with it; and I hope you will not
keep your future work from me.

With sincere thanks,

Freud

Berggasse ig^
Vienna IX,
g.2.igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

1 have to-day re-read your valuable paper, on which I
shall open a discussion to-morrow in our small circle,^ and I
should like to hear more from you on the subject than I can

^ In Schweizer Blatter fur Schulgesundheitspflege , 1909, No. i

2 Dr Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), Professor of Psychology at
Zurich

^ The 'Wednesday psychology club' which met weekly at Freud's flat

gather from the printed word and say more about it than can
be put in a letter. Perhaps the opportunity for such an ex-
change of ideas will arise. To-day I shall confine myself to
throwing light on the difference between your field of activity
and the medical, as you can also confirm in Stekel.^

The permanent success of psycho-analysis certainly de-
pends on the coincidence of two issues: the obtaining of
satisfaction by the release of tension, and sublimation of the
sheer instinctual drive. If we generally succeed only with the
former, that is to be attributed to a great extent to the human
raw material -human beings who have been suffering
severely for a long time and expect no moral elevation from
the physician, and are often inferior material. In your case
they are young persons faced with conflicts of recent date,
who are personally drawn towards you and are ready for
sublimation, and to sublimation in its most comfortable form,
namely the religious. They do not suspect that success with
them comes about in your case primarily by the same route
as it does with us, by way of erotic transference to yourself.
But you are in the fortunate position of being able to lead
them to God and bringing about what in this one respect
was the happy state of earlier times when religious faith
stifled the neuroses. For us this way of disposing of the matter
does not exist. Our public, no matter of what racial origin, is
irreligious, we are generally thoroughly irreligious ourselves
and, as the other ways of sublimation which we substitute for
religion are too difficult for most patients, our treatment
generally results in the seeking out of satisfaction. On top of
this there is the fact that we are unable to see anything for-
bidden or sinful in sexual satisfaction, but regard it as a
valuable part of human experience. You are aware that for
us the term 'sex' includes what you in your pastoral work call
love, and is certainly not restricted to the crude pleasure of
the senses. Thus our patients have to find in humanity what
we are unable to promise them from above and are unable to

^ Dr Wilhelm Stekel, Vienna nerve specialist and psycho-analyst, born
1868, died London, 1940

supply them with ourselves. Things are therefore much more
difficult for us, and in the resolution of the transference many
of our successes come to grief.

In itself psycho-analysis is neither religious nor non-
religious, but an impartial tool which both priest and layman
can use in the service of the sufferer. I am very much struck
by the fact that it never occurred to me how extraordinarily
helpful the psycho-analytic method might be in pastoral
work, but that is surely accounted for by the remoteness from
me, as a wicked pagan, of the whole system of ideas.

Let me express the hope that your interest will not fade if
the first phase of striking successes gives way to the familiar
second phase in which the difficulties tend to obtrude. After
overcoming the latter one attains a feeling of quiet con-
fidence.

I make practically no use of the association technique,^ and
see no advantage in it over my own technique of free associa-
tion, which has not been fully communicated yet. However,
in intractable cases- as I knew and as is confirmed once more
from your reports- it is very valuable, and for dealing with
psychotic states such as dementia praecox it is indispensable.
That is because our neurotics suffer severely and put a high
degree of co-operativeness at our disposal.

It is certainly not the least of our friend Jung's services
that he has become the source of stimuli such as impelled you
to your work. Let us hope that the spark that we keep from
going out here by laborious fanning will turn with you into a
fire from which we in our turn will be able to fetch a flaming
torch.

Yours with grateful thanks,

Freud

^ The use of reactions to a pattern of stimulus words as devised by C. G. ■
Jung

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

i8.2.igog
Dear Professor,

Your letter has made the pleasure I take in the science
initiated by you even greater. It was a great satisfaction to
me to gather from your remarks that basically I have cor-
rectly understood the application of psycho-analysis to
pastoral work. The (ethical) difference between your outlook
and mine is perhaps not so great as my calling might suggest.
Protestant ethics . . . removed the odium of immorality from
sexual relations. For the Reformation was fundamentally
nothing but an analysis of Catholic sexual repression, un-
fortunately a totally inadequate one, hence the anxi:?ty
neurosis of church orthodoxy and the concomitant pheno-
mena-the witch trials, political absolutism, the social
rigidity of the guild system, etc. We modern Evangelical
pastors feel ourselves to be completely Protestant, and we are
sure^ that we are much too little reformed. We are searching
for a new land. Our Church leaves us Ziirichers complete
liberty. In ethical matters we are able to be free thinkers
without being heroes. Sexual conditions, particularly in our
towns, are full of hypocrisy and therefore of uncleanness. The
dreadful combination of monogamy and lies and the plague
of prostitution are completely clear and intolerable to us. The
ideal oifree love glows in us too. But what we do not see is
how really free love can be combined with marriage. The
dividing line between 'free' and 'wild' love is very hard to
draw. . . .

We shall be freed from the mass misery of neurosis and
vice, not by better theories about the marriage tie, but only
by an improvement in social conditions, healthier education,
and a healthier outlook on life. In the meantime my only
recourse is to put forward the ideal of marriage and leave it
to the individual and his conscience to decide how far he will
depart from it. The more one abides by the doctrine of Jesus
and refrains from judgment and confmes oneself quietly and
^ Word doubtful in the original

energetically to fighting one's own battle for the ideal, the
easier one makes sublimation to the weak. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna /X,
20.2.igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

I conclude with great pleasure from your letter that our
differences begin only at the point at which influencing the
thought process by emotional stimuli becomes permissible,
and thus amount to no more than a useful variation.

In the historical sense of which you speak I too can call
myself a protestant, and in that connection I recall that my
friend Professor von Ehrenfels^ coined the term 'sexual pro-
testants' for us both.

Please do not assume that the ridicule and misunderstand-
ings in the press affect me greatly. There are days when the
uniformiity of the reactions are somewhat oppressive, but not
an hour when I doubt that the insights which you too value
(not, I hope, over-value) will get through.

If you receive a small book'^ from me early in March, please
accept it as a token of my high appreciation of your efforts
and co-operation.

Cordially yours,

Freud

^ Christian Freiherr von Ehrenfels (1859- 1932), Professor of Philo-
sophy in the University of Prague

^ Presumably Delusions and Dreams in Jensen's 'Gradiva\ in The Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Standard Ed. Vol. IX, p. 3. Hogarth
Press, London

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

1 8. 3. 1 909
Dear Dr Pfister,

Perhaps I cannot better express my thanks for your latest
paper^ in the Evangelische Freiheit than by asking you to
accept some observations that occurred to me while reading
it.

I realised that your situation and public laid you under
the necessity of withholding or censoring a great deal. That
is always as painful to the author as it is to the understanding
reader. The censor cuts into the flesh; what he cuts out is
always 'the best thing', as the mocker Heine remarks. At one
point, I think, you could have been more outspoken for, after
all, ecclesiastical authority cannot object to the human
phantasy's taking charge of the messages which it has no
hesitation in so obtrusively proclaiming.

In the first dream 'the young lady jumped into the lake, I
wanted to go after her, but she kept herself above the water . . .
she was immediately quite dry'.

Dreams with this content, as you certainly have long been
aware, are birth dreams. Children come from the water,
fetched by the stork. The bit of biological reality behind this
is familiar to us all, hence the impulse to give children this
piece of information. Thus emerging from the water is
equivalent to giving birth. (As a consequence of the in-
dissoluble connection between death and sexuality a poor
woman who wishes to commit suicide can do so only by means
of a symbolic performance of a sexual phantasy. She goes
into the water, i.e., gives birth, or flings herself from a height,
i.e., drops,- or takes poison, i.e., becomes pregnant. Poisoning
as a consequence of morning sickness is equivalent to
pregnancy.)

1 O. Pfister, Ein Fait von Psychoanalylischer Seelsorge und Seeletiheilung
Evangelische Freiheit, 1909, Nos. 3-5

^ The German niederkommen, 'to descend', also means (of a woman) 'to
be confined'

Because of the ease by which things are represented by
their opposite, the symbohsms of child-bearing and being
born are often exchanged. In the well-known exposure myths
of Sargon of Agade, Moses, Romulus, etc., putting the child
out in a basket or in the water means the same; both mean
being born. (See in this connection Vol. 5 o{ Angewandten'^ due
to appear shortly, Rank's^ The Myth of the Birth of the Hero.
Box is box,^ casket, genitals, womb -which takes us to the
flood myths.)

In the dream he wanted to hurry to the aid of the young
lady who jumped into the water, but she remained afloat and
emerged by herself. As this young lady was the Madonna, this
incident means he wished to help her to give birth, i.e., to
have a child, but she gave birth without male intervention,
remained a virgin. Hence the next reference. She immedi-
ately became quite dry, in other words the conception was
immaculate. The hesitation at the end of the dream, the
doubt about her, can only reflect the dreamer's doubt about
the Catholic doctrine which he would like to accept, about
the possibihty of the immaculate conception and virgin birth.

His feeling that there was nothing new in the dream, that
he had dreamt it all before, fits in well with the usual inter-
pretations. It is quite common to dream of a landscape and
have the feeling that one has been there before. This land-
scape is always the maternal genitals, which is undoubtedly
the place of which one can say with the greatest certainty
that one has been there before, because otherwise one would
not be alive. It has the same meaning: I have dreamt some-
thing of the sort before (I have often had this wish, for the
maternal genitals, before). I realise of course that it would
not have been so easy for you to include this piece of dream
interpretation, even if it had been clear to you, as that about
the virgin birth.

Our predecessors in psycho-analysis, the Catholic fathers,

^ Schriften zur Angewandten Seelenkunde, Deuticke, Leipzig and Vienna,
1909 ^ Otto Rank, psycho-analyst, 1 886-1 939

^ Word in English in the original

did not of course work on the principle of paying a mere
minimum of attention to sexual matters, but very explicitly
asked for full details. I believe that the truth lies in between,
but much nearer the Catholic practice than your proposition.

Your work should soon yield a typical result, as the
general lines of religious thinking are laid down in advance in
the family. God is equivalent to father, the Madonna is the
mother, and the patient himself is no other than Christ.

Evidence of how stimulating your work is is the confession
that I could fill another sheet of paper with marginal ob-
servations. Just one more point. These case histories have
only strengthened my impression that the suggested associa-
tion technique, though indispensable in cases of dementia
praecox, has no special value in the analysis of neurotics, and
is in no way preferable to free association. The reactions are
no less displaced and, if anything, the spinning out of an idea
leads to difficulties.

With warm greetings and wishes for the progress of your
excellent work,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
30.3. igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

Jung left yesterday evening, but I obviously had no com-
plaints about you to make to him, because all you have done
is what he and I myself have done, that is to say, published
material according to the state of your knowledge at the
time and modified it later in accordance with the progress of
your knowledge. In so doing we give the uninformed reader
enough that is new, and more than he is ready to take. The
value of what we write must depend on its containing nothing
accepted on authority, but only what can be stated as the
direct outcome of our own troublesome labours,

Further work will result in your convincing yourself of the
justification of accepting a relatively fixed dream symbolism.
I wished only to draw your attention to this; I do not call
for any act of faith on your part, but only a readiness to assess
the appropriate material in such a sense.

The prospect of your coming here in April gives me great
pleasure. Please arrange matters so that you can take an
evening meal with the family and then remain with me for an
hour (I shall be glad if the hour extends to several). If your
visit falls on a Sunday, I shall be able to invite you to lunch
and we shall be able to see more of each other.

A chance catarrh of the eyes makes writing difficult for me
to-day. I therefore postpone a great deal that I have to say
until we have the chance to talk it over.

Yours with cordial greetings,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
10.5.1909
Dear Dr Pfister,

The Matterhorn^ now crowns the pile of unanswered
letters on my desk. I gladly accept the small fragment of
Switzerland in the symbolic sense you suggest, as homage
from the only country in which I feel a man of property,
knowing that the hearts and minds of good men there are
well disposed towards me. I have no intention of defending
myself I have deliberately set myself up only as an example,
but never as a model, let alone an object of veneration.

The Matterhorn can easily be given another and more
modest meaning. The proportion of one to 50,000 may be
roughly that in which fate fulfils our wishes and we ourselves
fulfil our intentions. Incidentally it has struck me how little
figures mean to our imagination; I have the greatest diffi-
culty in believing that one would have to put only 50,000 of

^ A silver model which was a present from Pfister
23

these small objects on top of one another to reach the height
of a huge mountain. I should have guessed that more than a
million would have been required.

I propose to endow the Matterhorn with yet a third mean-
ing. It reminds me of a remarkable man who came to see me
one day, a true servant of God, a man in the very idea of
whom I should have had difficulty in believing, in that he
feels the need to do spiritual good to everyone he meets. You
did good in this way even to me. After your exhortation I
asked myself why I did not feel really happy, and I soon
found the answer. I renounced the impracticable proposition
of getting rich honourably, decided after the loss of a patient
not to accept a replacement for him, and since then I have
felt well and happy and admit that you were right; and sub-
sequently I have adhered to this principle on no fewer than
three occasions. But for your visit and your influence I should
never have managed it; my own father complex, as Jung
would call it, that is to say, the need to correct my father,
would never have permitted it.^

I shall give your observations about transference and com-
pensation the consideration they deserve. I think you are
right; it is the condition of lasting success. One type of
woman in particular refuses any abstract substitute and
demands some kind of tangible happiness in life or clings to
the transference. They are those of whom the poet says that
they have understanding only for 'soup logic with dumpling
arguments'.^

Now accept my very warm thanks. Go on writing valiantly
and keep me informed about your struggles and successes.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

^ Freud's father sufTered from financial difficulties

^ The allusion is to Heine's lines from Die Wdnderrdtten:

Im hungrigen Magen Eingang finden

JVur Suppenlogik mit Knodelgriinden —

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
13.6.1909
Dear Dr Pfister,

Many thanks for the number with the paper by Wald-
burger.^ I am not quite clear in my mind about him. Is he of
the Forster^ school? I do not fail to see the repulsive, slimy-
smeary element in it, but all the same it is a pleasing recogni-
tion of you. There is something else I am not clear about. He
often assumes the air of having waded in psycho-analysis for
years, though it must be an unprecedented novelty to him.
But probably these riddles are not worth the trouble of
solving.

The news about your innumerable interests and activities
are as invigorating as usual. I am not clear what you mean by
the Dream Book of Aristides. (Artemidorus?)'' Meanwhile a
Herr Spielmaier has said the first kind words about your
work; others will follow. I know that does not matter to you.

My state of well being since your visit persists, I am actually
engaged in turning a case history* I lectured on at Salzburg^
into an article for the Year Book.^

You too must have been impressed by the great news that
Jung is coming with me to Worcester.' It changes my whole
feeling about the trip and makes it important. I am very
curious to see what will come of it all.

At about this time of year I acquire a notable similarity to
Columbus. Like him, I long for- land. ^ By that we do not

^ A. Waldburger, Psychoanalytische Seelsorge und Aioral-Pddagogik, Protes-
tantische Monatshefte, 1909

2 Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Forster, philosopher and educationist,
born Berlin 1869, now resident in the United States

^ Artemidorus of Daldis, Greek author of Oneirocritica (dream inter-
pretations), second century a.d.

* Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis, Standard Ed. Vol. X, p. 155
^ The first psycho-analytic congress, Salzburg, 1908

® Jahrbuch fiir Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen

■^ To attend the tenth anniversary celebrations of Clark University,

Worcester, Mass., at the invitation of the president. Professor Stanley

Hall (1846-1924)

* lumd in German also means 'country'

always mean America; this year v/e have in mind the woods
round the Hotel Ammerwald, near E^eutte, on the Tirolese-
Bavarian border. The children are already making one of
those calendar devices they call 'hour-gobblers'. I am able to
work out in my head that I still have another four and a
half weeks to sit out in Vienna.

Those you singled out for greetings feel very honoured.
Sophie-that is your neighbour's name-is now with her
mother in Hamburg and is expected back in the middle of
the week. My second son has his school-leaving examination
to-morrow. I believe him now to be playing cards with his
two juniors.

With many cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

12.7-1909
Dear Dr Pfister,

Just before my departure for Ammerwald, Reutte, Tirol,
feeling very tired and fed up with the search for truth (which
fortunately will remain the case for only a few weeks), I had
the pleasure of receiving your letter, and must thank you for
the interesting information about men and events. I am really
very ignorant about my predecessors in the interpretation of
dreams, and if we ever meet in the next world I shall
certainly have a bad reception as a plagiarist. But it is so
pleasurable to examine things for oneself at first hand
instead of consulting the literature about them.

Honnegger^ has fathomed me well; the sample shows that
the young man has a gift for psycho-analysis. Storring^ has
also made a decent impression on me with his book; it would
give me pleasure if you gained influence on him. In Jung's
opinion sister complexes play a part in the hostility of his

^J. Honnegger, Vorlesung iiber paranoide Wahnbildung

2 Gustav Storring, Z^r kritischen Wilrdigung der Freudschen Lehre

pupil Erismann.^ If only one could get the better people to
realise that all our theories are based on experience (there is
no reason, so far as I am concerned, why they should not try
to interpret it differently) and not just fabricated out of thin
air or thought up over the writing desk. But the latter is what
they all really assume, and it throws a remarkable light on
their own methods of work. I think you are too sanguine
about Forster,'^

Your good shepherd's optimism causes you to set your
hopes too high. A man reckless enough to proclaim public
judgment on a matter of which he has such shght knowledge
cannot be brought to see reason by any external influence,
but follows the demon he has to follow. . . . The only thing
that puts me off your interesting Swede (as he calls himself)
is that he does not wish to be considered a member of the
'school'. Is that not snobbishness? Has our 'school' secret
signs or rites, does it swear by my words or worship me with
incense? Those who share our viewpoint belong ipso facto to
our school, without any initiation ceremony.

The reason I write to you about family matters is that no
visitor since Jung has so much impressed the children and
done me so much good,

I send you my sincere greetings and look forward to hear-
ing from you again. Letters will reach me either at the old or
new address.

Your devoted

Freud

Ammerswald,
i6.8.igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

Yes, you can come and see me at any time, and I am
delighted to hear from you before undertaking the journey
across the barren waste of waters. You always make one
cheerful, because you call into consciousness the things

1 T. Erismann, author of Angewandte Psychologic
^ See footnote 2, p. 25

which because of the unhappy human disposition are hidden
behind small miseries and fleeting cares. I do not know what
promises you left behind with my children, because I keep
hearing things like next year I'm going with Dr Pfister, I'm
going climbing with him, and so on and so forth. I dare not
mention your io,ooo-foot climb with your son, because it
would rouse my boys' blackest envy, they would wish they
had a father like you, who could still climb with them
instead of being tormented by his Conrad^ and picking straw-
berries in the woods down below.

Am I really to intervene with my advice in your work
plans? There is no need for you to follow it if other motives
get the upper hand. I think the prize should be an entirely
secondary consideration. If competing does not hold you up,
go ahead and take your chance but, if it disturbs you, drop it.
But get the work done straight away and do not wait for
years before finishing it. Happy is the wooing that's not long
in the doing, so to speak. Only while the first impulse lasts
will you be able to do the work with so much freshness and
vigour. If you go on working, in a few years' time you will
see many things differently and more correctly, you will put
individual problems in the foreground and suspect deeper
connections, but then you will speak a language intelligible
only to our community and therefore make no impact on
the majority, while now, in the stage of transition between
the traditional and the psycho-analytic way of thinking, you
will have the subjective strength to carry the unconverted
with you. That, in my opinion, is what you want to do, and
the important thing is to provide the stimulus. Incidentally,
you must have done an enormous amount of work if you
have been able to complete the programme you indicated.
Good luck to you!

I am still completely unproductive. This year has taken

^ [Footnote by Freud.] This personification of the body in

Spitteler's Imago impressed me greatly.

{Imago, a novel published in 1906 by the Swiss writer Carl Spitteler
(1845-1924)

more out of me than previous years. I do not feel like prepar-
ing anything for America. Perhaps contact with Jung and
Ferenczi^ (he too is one of the best) will stimulate something.
Fortunately I am no longer so necessary and can gradually
shrink into an ornament; perhaps there is a bit of providence
in that.

1 send you my sincere greetings before the journey, and
hope during it to hear a great deal about you from Jung.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

4-10.1909
Dear Man of God,

A letter from you is one of the best possible things that
could be waiting for one on one's return. But do not believe
that I believe everything or even a large part of the delightful
things that you say to me and about me, i.e., I believe them
of you but not of me. I do not deny that it does me good to
hear that sort of thing, but after a while I recall my own
self-knowledge and become a good deal more modest. What
remains behind is the belief that you honestly mean what
you say, and the pleasure given by your kind and enthusi-
astic nature. What I should like would be to win over more
such people as yourself, Jung (one must not continue 'and
others of the same sort'), but there are not very many.

Many thanks for your news. You really do not need to
handle Forster with kid gloves. I look forward to receiving
your reply to him soon. Fraulein Kaiser^ is obviously of the
right stuff; I wish her good fortune in her work. One of the
most agreeable phantasies is that without our knowing it
decent people are finding their way to our ideas and aspira-
tions and then suddenly popping up all over the place. That
is what happened in the case of Stanley Hall. Who would

^ Dr Sandor Ferenczi (1873-1933), founder of the Hungarian Psycho-
Analytical Society

2 F. Kaiser, Analyse einer Melancholie, a lecture delivered in Zurich

have imagined that over in America, an hour's train journey
from Boston, a worthy old gentleman was sitting and waiting
impatiently for the Year Book, reading and understanding
everything, and then, as he himself put it, ringing the bell for
us? I shall not tell you any more about America, as you have
heard it all from Jung, or will.

I shall be very pleased if you will send me as many publica-
tions as possible in your field, including hostile publications,
or let me know where to lay hands on them. We collect
everything bearing on psycho-analysis in the society library.^

Finally, I wish to confide to you the information that my
wife is determined to spend next summer in Switzerland.
Incidentally, she is very ambitious without realising it; I have
good reason from my self-analysis for forbidding myself ambi-
tion. But it is by no means impossible that in due course we
shall seek your advice about a place in Switzerland suitable
for such a vast multitude as ourselves to spend a pleasant
holiday in. That will of course mean passing through Ziirich,
an eventuality to which I greatly look forward.

With warm and cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
3.ii.igog
Dear Dr Pfister,

I received to-day the September-October number of the
Evangelische Freiheit, presumably from you, and I thank you
very much for it. Forster's article had a very soothing effect
on me; I expected something more intelligent and adroit.
Where Herr F. condescends to criticise a detail, e.g., aliquis,^
his feebleness is tangible.

^ The library of the Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society
2 An example in Freud's Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Standard Ed.
Vol. VI

Now I am eagerly looking forward to your reply, and hope
that you will produce as much humour as your opponent
wasted emotion. (Incidentally C. F. Meyer's^ mother and
sister were denounced as sexual objects not by me, but by
Sadger.2)

I feel well, and again needed someone to assure me that
there was no need for me to drudge and that everything
would go by itself, which one is so glad to hear.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
lo.i.igio
Dear Dr Pfister,

The year is still young enough for me to be able to begin
this letter by expressing the wish that it may be a deservedly
happy one for you. My wish for myself, that in the course of
it I may win the friendship of more men such as you, is prob-
ably too ambitious to have any prospect of fulfilment.

I can answer your theoretical doubts in accordance with
your own inclination. There need have been no shameful or
horrible incident, but only subsequent repression made it so.
All repressions are o{ memories, not of experiences; at most the
latter are repressed in retrospect. With the complexes one
must be very careful; indispensable as the idea (of complexes)
is in various performances, when one is theorising one should
always try to find out what lies behind the complex, not make
a frontal attack, which is too vague and inadequate.

I am naturally greatly looking forward to your reply and
shall read it with pleasure. I have already admitted my mis-
quotation of the line of Oedipus. On the other hand he^

^ Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825 95), Swiss author
^ C. F. Meyer, eine pathographisch-psychologische Sludie, by Isidor Sadger,
Vienna nerve specialist and psychoanalyst, Bergmann, Wiesbaden, 1908
^ Forster, see footnote 2, p. 25

saddles me with Sadger's work on C. F. Meyer, and at any
rate the latter might be a printer's error.

When we meet at Nuremberg^ I shall talk to you about
our plans for the summer and appeal for your aid in the name
of big and small. This year we aspire to a place in the blessed
area of French Switzerland, at a height of about 3,000 to
3,600 feet, with a good hotel and a beautiful lake (and
obviously woods), and later in September we want to go
down to the Lake of Geneva. On the way we shall of course
take a long rest in Ziirich and visit our friend there. The
savages are crazy with excitement at the prospect, and even
the domesticated ladies are greatly looking forward to it.
Perhaps you can advise us about a place. We shall accept the
best with gratitude.

I am now writing something about Leonardo da Vinci, -
though in desultory fashion; I hope you will have an oppor-
tunity of reading before the end of the year.

Your cordially devoted

Freud

Many thanks for your good wishes to the family, which
they reciprocate.

POSTCARD ig.i.igio

Dear Dr Pfister,

Please send me the galleys, I shall gladly give myself the
pleasure of reading your work in advance. That does not
mean that I renounce the work in presentable dress. Frau C.
recently brought me your greetings, and Binswanger^ and
his wife are spending the evening with us this week. All the
young people are looking forward to seeing you again and
identify you with Switzerland.

Cordially yours,

Freud

^ Where the second psycho-analytic congress was held

^ Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood, Standard Ed. Vol. XI,

3 Dr Ludwig Binswanger, Swiss psychiatrist and psycho-analyst

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
24.1. 1 gio
Dear Dr Pfister,

To my unbounded thanks for the galleys, which are now
back with you again, I now add a few lines to express my
mixed feehngs on reading them. Do you want to hear the
positive or the negative first? Or a mixture of the two?

Well, I admire your ability to write like that, in such a
moderate, affable, considerate manner, so factually and so
much more for the reader than against your opponent. That
is obviously the better way educationally and the more
appropriate to your calling. In particular, I thank you for
leaving me in the background. I could not write like that, I
prefer not writing at all, i.e., I do not write at all. I could
write only to free my soul, to release my affect and, as the
latter would not emerge in an edifying manner, and as our
opponents would be only too delighted to see me roused, I
prefer not answering at all. Just imagine it, the fellow plays
the upholder of moral rectitude denouncing evil, thus assum-
ing the prerogative of talking nonsense, parading his ignor-
ance and superficiality, unloading his spleen, distorting and
making insinuations. And all this in the name of the higher
morality. In face of this I could not restrain myself. But, as I
am incapable of artistically modifying my indignation, of
giving it an aura pleasurable to others, I hold my peace. I
could not lower the temperature in dealing with him.

I hope that you too will not engage further in controversy,
either with Forster or with anyone else of his stamp, but will
instead use paper and pen for describing your own work.
Let them gape, and let us continue along our uphill road.

Your informative letter gave me great pleasure. Last week
the Binswangers were here -to call them guests would be too
high-flown for the kind of hospitality we dispense. He is
correct and honest. I squabbled with him slightly, but
cordiality was the stronger feeling, and I like him well. His
trace of hesitancy will not hold him back for long. There is

something in the material itself Vv^hich forces one onwards,
deeper into sexual symbolism, exclusivity, courage to deal
with the unconscious on terms of complete familiarity.

This year's congress will give us the opportunity for long
and deep discussions. Also it is to last longer than just one day.

With cordial greetings,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
6.3.igio
Dear Dr Pfister,

The news that you will be unable to come to Nuremberg
is a disappointment to me, particularly as our Swiss plans
are in the melting pot, first because we are unable to settle on
a place, and secondly because I have to spend from July 15
to August 15 at Karlsbad. So I am quite upset.

Can you not send something from your prolific output for
the essays on applied psychology? I am quite prepared to
accept the Zinzendorf,^ without being intimidated by the
homosexuality, if it does not exceed five or six signatures in
length (about the length of Gradiva) . You already know that
I want to keep the collection serious and not bellettristic.
Please see what you can do for me. I have the feeling that
my friends are not giving enough support to this enterprise.

I am now writing a paper on Leonardo da Vinci for the
same collection, based on a single childhood phantasy that
the man unsuspectingly allowed to come down to us. It will
cause plenty of offence, but I write really only for a small
circle of friends and followers.

Please also let me know on a postcard whether you have in
your possession a copy of the Theory of Sexuality,- which has
been out of print for a long time. It has now appeared in a

^ O. Pfister, Die Frommigkeit des Grdfen Ludwig von ^inzendorf, Deuticke,
Leipzig and Vienna, 1910

^ Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Standard Ed. Vol. VII, p. 125

second edition, which is so unchanged, however, that there
is no need of it if you already have the first.

I cannot face with comfort the idea of hfe without work;
work and the free play of the imagination are for me the
same thing, I take no pleasure in anything else. That would
be a recipe for happiness but for the appalling thought that
productivity is entirely dependent on a sensitive disposition.
What would one do when ideas failed or words refused to
come? It is impossible not to shudder at the thought. Hence,
in spite of all the acceptance of fate which is appropriate to
an honest man, I have one quite secret prayer: that I may be
spared any wasting away and crippling of my ability to work
because of physical deterioration.

In the words of King Macbeth, let us die in harness.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna JX,
17.3.1910
Dear Dr Pfister,

I still have not got over your not comJng to Nuremberg.
Bleuler^ is not coming either, and Jung is in America, so that
I am trembling about his return. What will happen if my
Ziirichers desert me?

I accept with great pleasure your artistically excoriated
saint.- He will be printed immediately after Leonardo and
will anger a great many good people, I hope. . . .

Thanks from the whole family for your advice and informa-
tion. We propose to use it next year because, as we shall not
be free until August 15 and do not want to pass through

^ Dr Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), Professor of Psychiatry in the
University of Zurich

^ Nikolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, Count of Zinzendorf and Pottendorf,
German rehgious and social reformer (i 700-60), founder of the Herrnhut
community

Zurich without stopping, making the journey this year would
not be worth while. Also the times are too unsettled.

I have, as you admit, done a great deal for love, but
experience does not confirm that it lies at the base of every-
thing, unless, as is psychologically correct, hate is included
with it. But that immediately makes the world look a much
gloomier place.

My cordial greetings. Not being able to end this letter like
others this year with the words auf Wiedersehen in Nuremberg
makes me cross all over again.

Yours,
Freud

POSTCARD 4.4.igio

Leonardo has just gone to press and is to appear at the
beginning of May. Your Zinzendorf can go the same way
directly afterwards. The publisher is very pleased with it.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
2.5.1910
Dear Dr Pfister,

I am sure you need neither introduction nor notes from
me. If anything that might be useful to you occurs to me
while reading it, it will be at your disposal, celd va sans dire.
Your count^ is now awaited, as my Leonardo will definitely
see the light during the glorious month of May.

What you call compensation I include under the concept
of sublimation, or the similar but clearer one of reaction-
formation, which you will not have missed in the Worcester

^ Count Zinzendorf, see p. 34
36

lectures.^ The latter are only meagre fare, and are no sub-
stitute for an introduction to psycho-analysis. I am therefore
panting for your Propaedeutics, for we have nothing to put
by its side. Dr Hitschmann^ here is now working on a syn-
thesis of psycho-analytic theory, intended to be an authorita-
tive compilation of material which is now scattered all over
the place and offers the beginner nothing. It also deals with
the subject from the medical and historical aspects.

I know nothing about three copies of the anti-Forster. If I
received two, one has gone to the society library.

1 hope you agree with the Nuremberg decisions and will
stand loyally by our Jung. I want him to acquire an authority
that will later qualify him for leadership of the whole move-
ment.

This summer we shall (at any rate probably) pick on a
seaside-place in Holland, because we do not want to be
more than a day's journey from Hamburg, where an eighty-
year-old grandmother is producing all sorts of debilities. If
all goes well, next year- the twenty-first since a certain
event ^- we shall go to Switzerland and then on to Italy.

With cordial greetings and in expectation of your saintly
count.*

Yours,
Freud

P.S. Followers in England would be as novel as they would be
valuable.

^ These two words in English in the original. Five Lectures on Psycho-
Amlysis, Standard Ed. Vol. XI, p. 3. (Delivered in 1909 at Clark Univer-
sity, Worcester, Mass.)

2 Dr Eduard Hitschmann ( 187 1 -1957), psycho-analyst
^ The reference is to Freud's marriage

* See p. 34

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
5.6.1 gio
Dear Dr Pfister,

At last Sunday has come, giving me an opportunity to read
through your Analysis of Hate and Reconciliation.'^ Apart from
that, I am looking forward to your worthy count, and shall
decide after reading it whether to send it back to you for the
Year Book. ^ Its possible predecessor^ is already in your hands.

You ask me in your kind letter to tell you what I think
about your Analysis and you put questions to me on the
thorny question of transference. I can think of no better way
of using this fine evening than discussing these things with
you. Which shall I begin with, praise or criticism? You will
certainly be more interested in the latter.

Well, then, I think your Analysis suffers from the hereditary
vice of- virtue; it is the work of too decent a man, who feels
himself bound to discretion. Now, these psycho-analytical
matters are intelligible only if presented in pretty full and
complete detail, just as an analysis really gets going only
when the patient descends to minute details from the abstrac-
tions which are their surrogate. Thus discretion is incom-
patible with a satisfactory description of an analysis; to
provide the latter one would have to be unscrupulous, give
away, betray, behave like an artist who buys paints with his
wife's house-keeping money or uses the furniture as firewood
to warm the studio for his model. Without a trace of that
kind of unscrupulousness the job cannot be done. The in-
formation you give is of course perfectly adequate to justify
the conclusions you draw- 1 say that in all sincerity- but the
true picture is not conveyed to the reader, who cannot
identify himself with it with his unconscious and is therefore
in no position to exercise his critical faculties.

^ O. Pfister, Analylische Untersuchung iiber die Psychologie des Masses und der
Versohnung. Jahrbuch, igio

- The Jahrbuch fiir Psychoanalylische und Psychopathologische Forschimgen,
edited by Jung

^ Freud's Leonardo, Standard Ed. Vol. XI

My second observation concerns technique. In this matter
I am certainly too one-sided; I try to demonstrate that one
single technique is the correct one and keep on plodding
away at it. You have seen correctly that the association
technique is suitable for a first orientation but not for carry-
ing out the treatment, for with each new stimulus word you
put to the patient you interrupt him and cut off the flow.
The spontaneous production of word series you use in
analysis is certainly incomparably better, but it does not
give a good picture or clear insights, and it seems to me to
save no time. Where the patient is able to produce such a
series, he would certainly have been capable of producing
whole speeches. This would have been slower only in
appearance, and would have produced a clear picture of the
resistances into the bargain. The production of word series is
only a way of circumventing the resistance, and for that I
now have no use whatever; I neglect the complexes for the
resistances and try to approach the latter direct. That is the
chief characteristic of my present technique which, I think,
goes deeper and is a more certain guide than any earlier.

The transference is indeed a cross. The unyielding stub-
bornness of the illness, because of which we abandoned in-
direct suggestion and direct hypnotic suggestion, cannot be
entirely eliminated by analysis, but can only be diminished,
and its relics make their appearance in the transference.
These are generally conspicuous enough, and the rules often
let one down, but one must be guided by the patient's char-
acter and not entirely give up one's personal note. In
general, I agree with Stekel that the patient should be kept in
sexual abstinence, in unrequited love, which of course is not
always possible. The more you let him find love the sooner
you will get his complexes, but the smaller is the final success,
as he gives up the fulfilments of the complexes only because
he can exchange them for the results of the transference. A
cure has perhaps been achieved, but the patient has not
attained the necessary degree of independence and security
against relapse. Now, in this respect things are easier for you

than for us physicians, because you can subhmate the trans-
ference on to rehgion and ethics, which is not easy for the
invahds of hfo. Probably you do not need the rigorous resis-
tance technique, for you practise psycho-analysis in the
service of religion on young persons from most of whom the
full force of sex is still remote.

You see, my dear Dr Pfister, how little my observations
have in common with criticism. I assess your work only by
our latest requirements, which in any case have not yet
reached finality. Your concluding sentences show how much
clarification and enrichment current psychology can gain
from psycho-analysis.

What is happening to your Propaedeutics to which I am so
much looking forward?

You know that Switzerland has turned into Holland for us
this year. If I can really get to Switzerland next year, I hope
I shall find the split in Zurich healed and Jung the victor
over the diflSculties that are now being prepared for him.

With cordial greetings from myself and the family.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
ly.G.igio
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have read through your Zinzendorf quickly and with
great interest. The result is that I have not the slightest in-
tention of giving it up. It has every conceivable quahfication
for a number of the Contributions to Applied Psychology.^ I
can see no reason for hiding him.

The independent existence for which he is admirably
equipped will be very good for him. I had expected some-
thing quite different, of a piquant or scandalous kind, but I
now retract all my calumnies of the count. He is an honest

^ Schriften zur Angewdndten Seelenkunde

poor fool, no more of a fraud than all great men are, accord-
ing to Fontane.^

Your work on him is revealing down to the last detail,
effective, and completely convincing to everyone not deter-
mined not to be convinced. Some very minor observations.
When you talk about sublimations of the libido you some-
times drop into a rather stiff, formal phraseology which will
puzzle the uninitiated. You did not emphasise the boy's
notably intense sexual disposition but, as in the case of all
religious pioneers, that can be assumed. The cult of the
wound suggests the finding in The Interpretation of Dreams that
the female genitals are thought of in infancy as a 'wound'. (I
think in the section on infantile material as a source of
dreams).^ Thus the origin is the same as the so brilliantly
explained small hole in the side.

In accordance with my abominable principle of taking the
excellent for granted, I have nothing else to add.

So you will have to tell Jung that for the first time I am
refusing him something.^ You will have the manuscript back
in the next few days. In its present form I think it will be too
difficult for the type-setter, there will be a great deal he will
not be able to read. Send me the final version soon.

My son Ernst is very proud of your greeting. The book I
let the children have is a popular medical book, Die Gesund-
heit, to which I contributed myself* It is quite dry and
factual.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

^ Theodor Fontane, German writer (1819-98)

2 The allusion will be found in Standard Ed. Vol. IV, p. 201

^ Jung wished to publish the paper on Zinzendorf in the Year Book

* ^ee Psychical {or Menial) Treatment, Standard Ed. Vol. VII, p. 282

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
1 9.7. 1 910
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your Zinzendorf went off the same day to Deuticke, who
received it with the gratified remark: 'Something from quite
a different circle'. Did he mean the author or the subject?

In your theoretical doubts go quietly into the question of
transference and resistance. In the earlier catharsis the trans-
ference was taken for granted, rather like the omnipresence
of the divine being; Herr X and Frau Y are present, with the
Lord as onlooker, but He is taken for granted and so He
remains unmentioned. The difficulties begin only when the
transference is hostile and negative, and depend on the extent
to which it is these things, as it is in the case of most decent
neurotics.

With sublimation one is dependent less on one's views than
on the patient's capacity. One does what one can.

Your idea of polarisation is excellent, I call it disentangling
the conflicts in which our instincts generally make their
appearance. It is as if a cook put all the sugar in one corner
of the batter and all the salt in the other. Naturally that spoils
the dish. A beautiful but not yet completely worked out idea.

With grateful thanks for leaving me the count and best
wishes for the summer.

Yours,
Freud
P.S. Pages r)ff. seemed familiar to me from the ideas of Jung.

The Hague,
23. 7. 1 910
Dear Dr Pfister,

A letter from you is always an occasion, and to-day I
simply cannot go to bed without answering you, for shame
would not let me sleep. Just imagine it, the intelligent things
you say about the splitting up of the instincts -their polarisa-

tion- awaken barely an echo in me and no trace of under-
standing. In ten days I have grown quite stupid and perfectly
happy about it. But do not be angry at having written all this
to me, for your letter remains with me, and the day will come
when I shall again be able to understand its contents. One
thing I can tell you, and that is that you again do yourself a
grave injustice when you talk of the struggle with the elemen-
tal; I know that that is the hardest of all, and I know that I
am -or rather was -very far from having come to an end of it.
How strange it is when of two interlocutors one speaks out of
libido cathexis and the other from a situation of withdrawal,
just like a lover wooing a frigid beauty.

I hear that you are achieving miracles with the subjects
of your investigation, and admire you for it. I also hear that
one Forster is praising me to the skies (have I read correctly?)
and I hear wonderful things about you.

As for what we are doing, that is to say, myself and two of
the boys -the eldest is in the Tirolese mountains -it is not very
impressive. We bathe in the sea, wait for the excellent meals,
take half-hour trips by train to go and see interesting little
Dutch towns, stop occasionally in front of beautiful pictures,
and in the evening we play cards with each other. Inciden-
tally I am spending a wicked amount of money, which is very
good for my unsubdued complex. We are still alone here, as
my wife is with her very frail mother in Hamburg, and my
daughters are still with their aunt in Austria. We are all to
meet at the Hotel Nordzee, Noordwijk, on August i, unless
the light goes out in Hamburg earlier.

I hope I have not put you off sending me a few more
friendly lines during the holidays.

You know how much good they always do me.

Your devoted

Freud
P.S. There is to be a second edition of the first series of the
Collected Papers on the Theory of the Neuroses, ^ for which I am to
write an introduction.

^ S. Freud, Sammlung Kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Vienna, 1906

Berggasse ig,

Vienna IX^

Dear Dr Pfister, 27.9.1910

I returned rather hurriedly yesterday from Syracuse-
Palermo-Rome to avoid the cholera in Naples, hence the
delay; normally I answer your letters more promptly.

From what you say I cannot yet form a very good idea of
your gift-of- tongues effort,^ but I expect you will soon be in a
position to reveal all the so-called involuntary actions as the
work of complexes. Certainly something can be done with it,
first of all a stimulating paper in the ^entralblatt, and then all
sorts of other things.

As you do me the honour of asking my advice about the
writing of the book, let me say frankly that the way to which
you feel less drawn seems to me the more appropriate and the
more advantageous to the reader. In the present state of our
knowledge all the fundamentals, consciousness, emotion, etc.,
are better left in the semi-darkness from which they stand
out so well, while one occupies oneself with the outbuildings,
approaches, etc., which are only now becoming perceptible.
For that the learner will be very grateful.

Professor G., to whom you in your humanitarianism were
much too kind, now claims in a criticism of the Year Book in
the Journal of Psychology (and Physiology of the Sense
Organs) that you pronounced him to be free of complexes. He
does not mention you by name, but I know that he means you,
because he told us the same thing. As I believe the fellow to be
incapable of speaking the truth, I assume that what he says
in this case is from three quarters to five quarters false too.

I too begin my working year on October i, and hope that it
will bring all of us no less progress and friendship than the last.

Cordially yours,

Freud

Deuticke had delayed your Count somewhat, but promises
to launch him very soon.

^ O. Pfister, Die psychologische Entrdtsehmg der religiosen Glossolalie iind der
automatischen Kryptographie, Deuticke, 191 2

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
i6.io.igio
My dear Dr Pfister,

I hope you have already consoled yourself about Sch.
[sic.Y The warning cannot do any harm. About L. I know
nothing yet. The battle is now really warming up, and single
leadership is really necessary. If Jung were at home, I should
have to write to him daily. I know where he is from the
picture postcards he sends me, but not when he is return-
ing.

1 have at last 'made nerve contact' ^ with Bleuler and
received a long letter from him in reply. He seems to be
satisfied with my step and wants a personal discussion. Per-
haps I shall arrange to come to Zurich over Christmas if he
does not mind the holiday's being disturbed. His arguments,
it seems to me, are superficial. The 'intolerant sect' allega-
tion is easy to refute; the intolerance is really not on our side.
If my friends are now ready to accept what I say, that is only
because they have found so much of it to be borne out, and a
natural compensation for the incredulity which I encountered
for ten years. Whether a continuation of the correspondence
with Bleuler will lead to anything I cannot judge. In any
case the criticism of his negativism in the Korrespondenzblatt^
was not entirely appropriate. The place for a controversy of
this kind is the scientific journal, the new ^entralblatt if the
Year Book is excluded as being edited by him. Publishing it
in the Korrespondenzblatt associates him with other opponents
who are exposed to kicks there. There is plenty of occasion
now for internal controversy, which will be continually re-
newed, but controversy with the outside world distracts atten-
tion. Building the temple with one hand and with the other .

^ Freud was at this time writing the Schreber case history. Note
reference to paranoia on next page and p. 47

2 An expression taken from Daniel Paul Schreber's Denkwiirdigkeiten
eines Nervenkranken

^ The Korrespondenzblatt, founded by the International Psycho-
Analytical Association in 19 10, was later merged with the ^entralblatt

wielding weapons against those who would destroy it- strikes
me as a reminiscence from Jewish history.

I am greatly looking forward to your paper on the gift of
tongues. I am wrestling with the problem of paranoia and
making only slow progress. There is not enough time, one has
to earn one's daily bread, but the work continually pro-
vides new stim.ulus.

With cordial greetings,

Freud
Many thanks for the Zinzendorf. Actually it is now my sixth
copy.

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
20. I.I g II
Dear Dr Pfister,

I am several letters deep in your debt, and have been
drawing extensively on the indulgence you show for my com-
plicated circumstances. Perhaps your repeated question about
my technical rules and maxims may have played a part in my
dilatoriness, because I obviously do not like being reminded
of them. Part of the work has been finished for eighteen
months, but the whole is not yet ripe, and the author is very
tired. So I cannot promise anything for a long time to come.
Till then techniques will have to grow wild.

During the past fortnight we have been preoccupied by
my son's accident; he broke his thigh while skiing on the
Schneeberg, was brought down with difficulty, and is now in
a sanatorium. But things are taking their regular course and
apparently will leave few serious consequences behind.

I was delighted by the success of our interview in Munich.
The refreshment gained there has faded away again. It can-
not be helped. In the autumn I hope at last to see my Zurich
friends at leisure again. In the meantime I shall certainly see
a lot of your literary projects in finished form.

I send you my cordial greetings, bid you farewell for the

moment, and commend myself, not to your forbearance from
correspondence, but only to your indulgence.

Your devoted

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
26.2. igii
Dear Dr Pfister,

What an abundance of work in all stages of development
and completion. I knew nothing of course about your
London contacts. Things now seem to be moving in England;
I recently received an invitation to be put up as correspond-
ing member of the Society for Psychical Research.

As for your nun now quartered with the ^entralblatt,^ I
should have pubhshed her long ago, but I seldom actively
intervene, there is a shortage of space as it is, and the two
editors always have special wishes of their own. But I shall
press them. I have all sorts of things in mind for the ^eniral-
blatt which are not yet ready to be talked about.

That you should be holding anything back in expectation
of my rules and maxims upsets me greatly. I feel so far away
from them, and suspect that their turn will not come for
years. The Paranoia- will be appearing in the next Year Book,
and in the summer (at Karlsbad) I hope to be able to work
on a part of the big synthesis (vicissitudes of the libido)''
which interests me most at present. So you will have to rely
on your own resources, the maxims are not yet ripe. Thirst
cannot wait so long as that.

In Vienna there has been a small crisis of which I have not
yet told Jung. Adler^ and Stekel have resigned, and next

^ O. Pfister, Hysterie iind Myslik bei Margarethe Ebner {i2gi-ij§i),
Zentralblatt, 191 1, Vol. I

^ The Schreber analysis. Standard Ed. Vol. XII

3 Presumably Instincts and their Vicissitudes, Standard Ed. Vol. XIV,
p. 1 1 1

* Dr Alfred Adler (1870- 193 7), founder of Individual Psychology

Wednesday I am letting myself be elected president.^ (A
parallel would be if Bleuler assumed the presidency in
Zurich.) Adler's theories were departing too far from the
right path, and it was time to make a stand against them. He
forgets the saying of the apostle Paul the exact words of
which you know better than I: 'And I know that ye have not
love in you.' He has created for himself a world system with-
out love, and I am in the process of carrying out on him the
revenge of the offended goddess Libido. I have always made
it my principle to be tolerant and not to exercise authority,
but in practice it does not always work. It is like cars and
pedestrians. When I began going about by car I got just as
angry at the carelessness of pedestrians as I used to be at the
recklessness of drivers.

Yes, it is true, this time I am going to give myself a treat.
I shall be coming to Zurich in the second half of September
with my wife, and staying until the congress. This time you
are not to play truant from the congress. The 'elf ^ is once
more very much in need of the cure at Karlsbad. My reckless
boy's leg is healing well, my eldest, who is hardly mine any
more, is fine, the rest are thriving. A sudden drop in my
practice is giving me almost more leisure than I wanted after
working at full pressure for four months. However, such reliefs
from work do not lead to any productivity with me; I have to
patch together the third edition of The Interpretation of Dreams.

With best wishes and thanks for your kind words.

Your devoted

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

Dear Dr Pfister, *^' ^

How delightful of you to remember me at Easter. Thank
you for the news about your work and the interest it is

^ Of the Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society
^ Freud's daughter Sophie

rousing. I knew nothing about your contacts with Meumann;^
nowadays I read nothing that is not sent to me. As for your
difficukies with Siebeck, I should first try reasoning with him,
as a theological publisher has obvious advantages for you.
But you can add that you have no intention of putting
pressure on him, as you are not incommoded by the lack of
an alternative publisher. Deuticke, when I sounded him on
the matter, said that he would be more than willing to take
your book, though he too thinks you should try a theological
publisher first. So you have nothing to worry about.

You take a kinder view of events in Vienna than they
deserve. It is really uncomfortable and disagreeable.
Certainly the father complex has come into play, but from
the standpoint that father is not doing enough for them.
Criticism of the impotent father. In fact my capacity to
distribute patients has declined considerably in this year of
continual agitation. With Stekel there will probably be a
reconcilation; he is incorrigible, but fundamentally decent,
and he has done great services to psycho-analysis. But the
other one will go overboard.

Physically I am very well, and in that state unfortunately
I am always rather lazy. On July 8 I am to go to Karlsbad,
for which my wife left with the little {i.e., middle) girl
yesterday. In the autumn I shall be visiting you all in
Zurich, but cannot yet say whether it will be before or at the
time of the congress. This year you must attend it; that will
not prevent our spending a few agreeable hours together in
your city apart from that.

Your young son is well, I hope?

With cordial greetings from

Yours,
Freud

^ E. Meumann, author of Uber Lesen iind Schreiben im Traiime, 1909

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
28.5.1911
Dear Dr Pfister,

Many thanks for telling me your plans. The great difficulty,
I think, will arise in fitting the complex-psychology into the
psycho-analysis, for the distinctive marks of their divergent
origin have by no means been eliminated. Your attempt at a
synthesis will be keenly awaited and eagerly examined. So
go ahead, and in no circumstances let yourself be held up for
long by Siebeck; I almost have the impression that you will
after all have to go to Deuticke, who will zealously promote
sales in the circles that concern you.

I find it very intelligible that we attach so little value to
appearances at congresses.^ Public debate of psycho-analysis
is hardly possible; one does not share common ground, and
against the lurking affects nothing can be done. Psycho-
analysis is a deep-going movement, and public debates are
bound to be as useless as the theological disputations of the
time of the Reformation.

In the discussion you sent to me about Count Zinzendorf
your openness and clarity stood out magnificently against the
fulsome reserve of your opponents. The latter is certainly not
the worst that one comes up against, but you see how in dis-
cussions of this kind you merely talk past each other. . . .

Our congress, which you must not miss, does not include a
Sunday. The dates are September 21 and 22.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

1 I.e., general psychiatric congresses

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
13 M.I 91 1
Dear Dr Pfister,

For Munich read Weimar,^ where I hope to see you in the
shadow of our greatness. Many thanks for the papers you
have sent me. The controversial matter is extremely interest-
ing. In the last there is a large dose of sweet-tasting theologi-
cal poison, which is more appetising, but v/hat docs he mean
by 'east European students just sprung from a south Russian
ghetto'? The cloven hoof.

The ^entralblatt has now got rid of one editor (Adler) and,
as I am again on very good terms with Stekel, will now be
much more subject to my influence. We did not have any
exaggerated idea of the value of the contributions to which
you object- no doubt Epstein's and Luzenberger's^-but
politics spoil everything, characters and ^entr alb latter alike.
If we had declined these first contributions, we should have
made the authors unhappy and turned them into enemies. . . .
I am counting the days until July 9, and in the meantime
getting more dull-witted every day. When I complain about
this, the answer I get is: No wonder. There are few wonders.
Ernst, who was your favourite and might easily have been
ours, is now taking his school-leaving examination while suff-
ering from an intestinal ulcer and feeling unwell. He wants
to be an architect. I do not know whether I should agree.

With cordial greetings.

Your devoted,

Freud

^ The third psycho-analytic congress held at Weimar was originally
to have been held at Munich

^ D. Epstein, Beitrag zur Psjchopatholigie des Alltagslebens, and A.
Luzenberger, Psychoanalyse in einem Fall von Errotungsangst als Beitrag zur
Psychologie des Schamgefuhls, ^enlralblalt, igi i

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
18.6. igii
Dear Dr Pfister,

As you are letting me see the proofs of your Gift of Tongues,
I must show myself worthy of the honour and pick some holes
in it, thus depriving myself of the pleasure of reading it
straight through.

I received to-day the first set of galleys (up to 288), and my
critical eye finds your interpretation of the vision of the devil
(p. 285) too simple, too facile. The devil's wearing the in-
nocent young girl's nose on his face as the 'visible sign of his
slander' is too tamely expressed and too simply explained.
Let us make a more plausible assumption, one which fits in
better with our knowledge, and say that such a vision is not
a simple wish-picture but the product of several conflicting
stimuli with one of them predominating. In that case the
devil would be a mixed formation, really standing also for the
girl, and his nakedness is even better explained as a means of
seduction than as a sign of her humihation. Without this
there is no explanation of why the devil should have got the
girl's certainly very pretty little nose as recompense for his
slanderous deed. The pious are not usually as generous as
that in their ravings.

Incidentally, the symbolic representation of the genitals by
the nose will- with the aid of the infantile element- certainly
have been the reason why the nose was chosen from the girl's
body. In short, the vision does not seem to me to have been
fully interpreted, and it might be as well to express yourself
more cautiously about it, or with some indication of the other
probabilities. The beginning of the analysis of the crazy
'speaking with tongues' is terribly amusing.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Karlsbad,
i2.y.igii
Dear Dr Pfister,

. . . You seem to have taken a liking to Sachs, ^ which
pleases me greatly. I hope this year's congress will lead to
many good contacts. I am counting on seeing you during the
week beforehand.

Do not fritter yourself away on reports, we expect some-
thing different from you.

I have been here since the ninth inst., and am still very
exhausted and quite incapable of work. I have a Dutch pupil
here for company in the evening.
With best wishes for your holiday.

Your cordially devoted

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
14.12. igii
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have had a gloomy day myself to-day and shall cheer
myself up by having a few words with you. . . .

I have prodded the editors o{ Psyche (or Imago) ^ not to omit
the paper on krypterga.^

Who is the Messmer you mention in your letter? Surely not
the venerable father of mesmerism, who spelled his name
with one S fewer? You write about him as though I knew
him. Is vile senility causing my memory to fail?

I find it a great nuisance that the new journal wants some-
thing from me, an introductory article to boot. I am finding
the psychogenesis of religion very hard going, and with the
feeble powers at my disposal I shall have a job to finish it in

^ Dr Hanns Sachs (1881-1947), psycho-analyst and author of Freud,

Master and Friend, London, 1950

^ ^eilschrift zur Anwendung der Psychoanalyse auf die Geisteswissenschaften
^ O. Pfister, Kryptographie und unbewusstes Vexierbild bein Normalen,

Jahrbuch, 191 3

time. I cannot bear working to a date-line. It ceases to be a
pleasure and becomes just like the rest of the daily grind.

I am delighted that you stood up to Bleuler. You are not a
man who does things by halves. I am always delighted to see
that confirmed. When I come to Zurich soon let us go on an
outing together to the Ufenau and take with us C. F. Meyer's
little book.^ Then you shall read me the lines:

Mich rent, ich streu mir Aschen auf das Haupt,
Dass nicht ich fester ?ioch an Sieg geglaiibt!
Mich rent, ich beichC es mit zerknirschtem Sinn,
Dass nicht ich Hutten stets gewesen bin!"
... I am still too dull and stupid to take up any more of
your time, so here are my best wishes, and let me hear from
you again soon.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
9. 2. 1 91 2
Dear Dr Pfister,

I understand your displeasure at perpetually writing ex-
pository articles and self-eulogies, and certainly cannot
recommend you to continue with the malpractice. But your
colleagues would certainly take a refusal very much amiss, so
I suppose you will have to give them something. I can under-
stand that you do not want to go alone; perhaps someone will
turn up who will accompany you and gladly do battle at
your side. I was delighted at all the news about your work.

I know little about K., as my news from your city has
recently been meagre. I have no memory of him as a pupil
(!); he may have heard one or more of my lectures. I cannot
remember all those who put down their names for them in all

1 Huttens letzte Tage

2 I bewail that I did not believe still more firmly in victory, I strew
ashes on my head. I bewail, I confess with contrition, that I have not
always been Hutten

these years. All the same, a Swiss would probably have
struck me, but he certainly had no closer contact with me
than that.

To-day I read in proof your excellent paper for Imago,^ and
as its host I must ask you to refer to me in more modest terms.
I know what you mean, and that sort of thing only excites
ridicule among our opponents.

With the patients at home here things are going better
than expected. The others are well and they all send you their
greetings through

Your cordially devoted

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
2.3.1 gi 2
Dear Dr Pfister,

Forgive my candid explanation for replying by return of
post. To-day I have been having a headache, and am not yet
in a fit state to attend to my other affairs.

In regard to your doubts about where to place the book
to which we are all looking forward, personally I should vote
for Messmer's series^ and against Deuticke, though in the
last resort it is not very important which you choose. I know
that Deuticke always makes difficulties, and complains about
the sales of Hitschmann,^ for instance. But he will certainly
take your book.* On the other hand I am attracted by the
prospect of gaining a new and not yet opened-up circle of
readers in the field of education, while none of us would be
put off buying the book by its inclusion in the series. Our

^ O. Pfister, Anwendung der Psychoanalyse in der Pddagogik und Seelsorge,
Imago, 191 2

2 Berner Seminarbldtter, edited by Oskar Messmer

^ Eduard Hitschmann, Freuds Neiirosenlehre nach ihrem gegenwdrligen
Stand, Deuticke, 191 1

* O. Pfister, Die psychoanalytische Aiethode — erfahrungswissenschaftlisch-
systemalische Darstellung, Klinkhardt, 19 13. English version, The Psycho-
Analytic Method, Kegan Paul, London, 191 7

capacity for expansion in the medical profession is un-
fortunately very limited, and it is important to secure a foot-
ing elsewhere where we can.

I am always delighted when you write so cheerfully and
have had no unfriendly experiences.

Several passages in your letter have caused me to note
with regret that our contacts with Zurich are not so close as
they might be. Thus, for example, I know nothing about any
answer of Bleuler's to Kronfeld's piece. ^ I could hardly back
the 'pamphlet of the six doctors' against K. because this is the
first I have heard of it; I assume it to be identical with the
reply planned by Maeder.- If Jung were to obtain the pro-
fessorship without the administrative duties, it would of
course be a huge gain for us, but I think that he himself
regards it as improbable. A few centuries ago we should
have prescribed days of prayer for the fulfilment of our
wishes, but nowadays all we can do is wait.

My next eflTort in the third number of^ Imago will deal with
taboo, sketchily, of course. One could fill volumes with all
the material available.

I send you my cordial greetings and hope to hear again
from you soon.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
4.7.1912
Dear Dr Pfister,

Many thanks for your letter and the account of your
lecture. I attribute to your direct influence a very satisfactory
letter from Maeder about the point in question.

It is a pity that you did not meet or speak to Jung. You

1 Arthur Kronfeld, Uber die psychologischen Theorien Freuds und ver-
wandte Anschauungen, 1 9 1 2

^ Alphonse Maeder, Swiss psycho-analyst

could have told him from me that he is at perfect liberty to
develop views divergent from mine, and that I ask him to do
so without a bad conscience.

A big book by Rank on the incest problem has appeared/
and I am very proud of the dedication. I shall be very glad
to see your work in print.

With cordial greetings and good wishes,

Your devoted

Freud

Bozen,
2.g.igi2
Dear Dr Pfister,

I am compelled to ask you to do me a favour. We - that is to
say, Ferenczi and I -intended, after staying in these parts for
a short time, to go and see Professor Jones ^ in London, and
he has already booked rooms for us. But now my eldest
daughter has suddenly been taken ill, still in connection with
the unsuccessful operation she had years ago. I am returning
to Vienna to-day, can make no definite plans at the moment
and, in view of the uncertainty of the situation, shall not be
able to go to England as arranged on September 8.

Jones is attending the psychotherapeutic congress in
Zurich, but I do not know his address. So I am asking you to
be so kind as to seek him out and to tell him the contents of
this letter, so that he will be able to cancel the room reserva-
tions. Please tell him not to count on my being able to go to
London and ask him to write to me in Vienna.

Thanking you in anticipation for your trouble,

Your devoted

Freud

1 Otto Rank, Das Inzest-Motiv in Dichtung und Sage; Grundzuge einer
Psychologie des dichterischen Schaffens, Deuticke, 19 12

2 Dr Ernest Jones (1879- 1958), founder of the British Psycho-Analyti-
cal Scciety and Freud's biographer

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
9. 1 2.1 gi 2
Dear Dr Pfister,

A letter came from you to-day with your last letter still un-
answered. I realise that I was put out by your unsatisfactory
news. That makes me all the more pleased at your good news
in the scientific field, and in particular the fact that your book
is so far advanced. I shall be delighted to write you an intro-
duction on the lines you ask.

In regard to your production analysis, I should like to sug-
gest that you leave it with Imago and make a concession to
the publisher, for whom things are not easy, by reducing
your demands for illustrations. I already have two papers (by
Maeder and Hug^), and my original publisher Deuticke is
getting restive. The 19 13 Year Book is, as you know, always
open to you.

We have finished with Bergmann.- Jung settled that very
well. In January we shall have our journal again in a new
guise, and I hope we shall find it satisfactory.

Naturally I am very pleased at your opposition to Jung's
innovations, but do not expect me to write anything against
him. My disagreement is too obvious to make any impression.
But I think he will receive a great deal of criticism from most
of the leading analysts. So you will not be isolated in this
purely internal and objective battle. I wonder what sort of
technique he uses to arrive at such views.

All are well here, but the possibility of war keeps us on
tenterhooks.

With my cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

1 Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes, Deuticke,

1913

2 The Bergmann Verlag of Wiesbaden, the first pubHsher of the

Zentralblatt

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

Dear Dr Pfister,

Many thanks for your New Year greetings. As we all
attach importance to time-limits, let me express the hope
that you will finish your book this year.

You and Messmer will be pleased at the firmness with
which I propose to defend the rights of educationists to
analysis.

In the matter of the libido, there is no reason why you
should allow your own view to be overruled. Open your eyes
and see for yourself. I am not in any doubt that this 'modifica-
tion' by your fellow-countrymen is no advance in the direc-
tion of truth. The argument that they deduce from the Jones
case sounds very strange to me. (Incidentally, as you cor-
rectly surmise, it had no influence on Jones himself.) I have
myself analysed and cured several cases of real incest (of the
most severe kind), and was no more able then than now to
deduce from them any argument against the real meaning of
incest. Or has knowledge of repression already died out in
Zurich? That would explain a great deal, and also revive a
lot of old puzzles.

Jung's behaviour in the case of our Frau H. was very
ambiguous, but on principle I made no detail of the affair a
casus belli. He would have spared himself the severe conflict
of which you write if only he had not preferred to imagine
himself in possession of the secret of curing her cito et jucunde.
I am inclined to think that he had never had the opportunity
of dealing with a case of such intensity and had no idea of the
difficulties involved. Do not have too much confidence in a
lasting personal agreement between me and Jung. He
demands too much of me, and I am retreating from my over-
estimation of him. It will be sufficient if the unity of the

association is maintained. ,.,. , ,. ,

With cordial greetings.

Yours,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
I S. 2. 1 91 3
Dear Dr Pfister,

Herewith my effort,^ born on a stupid day, but I do not
make so bold as to wait for a cleverer one. Tell me what you
would like to have altered and let me correct the first galley
myself. The firmness of my attitude will please you, but that
has always been what I thought in the matter.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

1 1 '3-19^3
Dear Dr Pfister,

My congratulations on having finished your book. I hope
that in my judgment of it I shall once more see eye to eye
with Jung. Keller's'^ attitude does not surprise me, it cor-
responds to what I thought of him.

With the Hirschfeld publishing firm-if I am to judge by
the proprietor's wife -things will go smoothly. A word in
your ear about your translator. I know L. myself, he is a
wholly inadequate, wild individual; actually he is a com-
plete ass. Unless he has greatly altered in the meantime, I
should entrust no translation to him. But there is a prospect
of my finding a translator for you here with whom you should
be satisfied. I suggest that you send me the galleys one by one
as soon as you receive them. I shall see whether the idea is
practicable and let you know as soon as possible.

I have just had to do an unwanted job, a kind of introduc-
tion to psycho-analysis for Scientia;^ I did it, not wishing to

^ The introduction to Pfister's book, see p. 55

^ The reference is presumably to A. Keller's paper Ruhige Erwdgungen
im Kampfe um die Psychoayialyse, Kirchenblatt, Switzerland, 19 12

^ The Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest, Standard Ed. Vol.
XIII, p. 163

refuse in view of the admirable character of that inter-
national journal. Apart from that, I am looking forward to
Easter, which I am going to spend in Venice with my small
and now only daughter.

The business advice for which you ask me you had better
get from your publisher. Not much good generally comes of
translations. . . .

With cordial greeting,

Yours,
Freud
(No letters have survived between the above and that dated
September lo, 1918.)

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
g.io.igiS
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have now read through your little bdok^ and I can well
believe the pleasure with which you wrote it. It has a
gladdening warmth and demonstrates all the fine qualities
which we so value in you; your enthusiasm, your integrity,
and love of hum.anity, your courage and candour, your
understanding and also -your optimism.

It will undoubtedly render us good service, if we are to
mention such practical considerations; as you know, we
generally pay little regard to them.

Well, praise can always be brief, but criticism has to be
more long-winded. One thing I dislike is your objection to
my 'sexual theory and my ethics'. The latter I grant you;
ethics are remote from me, and you are a minister of religion.
I do not break my head very much about good and evil, but
I have found little that is 'good' about human beings on the
whole. In my experience most of them are trash, no matter

^ Presumably O. Pfister, Was bietet die Psychoanalyse dem Erzieher?
Leipzig, 191 7. {Psycho-Analysis in the Service of Education, Henry Kimpton,
London, 1922)

whether they pubUciy subscribe to this or that ethical
doctrine or to none at ail. That is something that you cannot
say aloud, or perhaps even think, though your experiences
of life can hardly have been different from mine. If we are to
talk of ethics, I subscribe to a high ideal from which most of
the human beings I have come across depart most lament-
ably.

But the sexual theory? Why on earth do you dispute the
splitting up of the sex instinct into its component parts which
analysis imposes on us every day? Your arguments against
this are really not very strong. Do you not see that the multi-
plicity of these components derives from the multiplicity of
the organs, all of which are erotogenic, i.e., fundamentally
all aspire to reproduce themselves in the future organism?
And has the fact that all the organs combine to form a living
unit, all influencing, aiding or checking one another and
remaining dependent on one another even in the process of
their development, prevented the anatomists from studying
and describing them separately? Or has it prevented the
therapists from dealing with a single organ which has become
the main site of an agent or process of disease? It may well be
that in internal therapy this correlation of the organs has
often been forgotten, but in separating out the individual
instincts psycho-analysis aims at not losing from sight the
interdependence of instinctual life. In science one must take
apart before one can put together. It looks to me as if you
want a synthesis without a previous analysis. In the technique
of psycho-analysis there is no need of any special synthetic
work; the individual does that for himself better than we can.

That applies to all the instincts in so far as we can separate
them out. But in your little book you do not deal quite cor-
rectly with the sexual instincts. You nowhere say that these
really have a closer connection with and a greater importance
-not for mental life as a whole, though that is what it comes
to-but for the development of neurosis; and that that is
because of their conservative nature, their closer connection
with the unconscious, the pleasure principle and, as a con-

sequence of the peculiarities of their process of development,
even with cultural standards. I think that the relics of your
resistance to sexuality must have crept into this. Try and
revise that part of yourself.

As for the possibility of sublimation to religion, therapeuti-
cally I can only envy you. But the beauty of religion certainly
does not belong to psycho-analysis. It is natural that at this
point in therapy our ways should part, and so it can remain.
Incidentally, why was it that none of all the pious ever dis-
covered psycho-analysis? Why did it have to wait for a com-
pletely godless Jew?

With cordial greetings from

Your old friend

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

2g.10.1g 1 8
. . . Finally you ask why psycho-analysis was not dis-
covered by any of the pious, but by an atheist Jew. The
answer obviously is that piety is not the same as genius for
discovery and that most of the pious did not have it in them
to make such discoveries. Moreover, in the first place you are
no Jew, which to me, in view of my unbounded admiration
for Amos, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the author of Job and
Ecclesiastes, is a matter of profound regret, and in the second
place you are not godless, for he who lives the truth lives in
God, and he who strives for the freeing of love 'dwelleth in
God' (First Epistle of John, iv, 16). If you raised to your
consciousness and fully felt your place in the great design,
which to me is as necessary as the synthesis of the notes is to a
Beethoven symphony, I should say of you: A better Christian
there never was. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
2.i.igig
Dear Dr Pfister,

Nothing has gone astray. The explanation of my disgrace-
ful failure to answer your last letter is very complicated. In
the first place, I was very interested in your proposal to
examine my relations to positivism, and proposed to write
to you about that at length. Secondly, I was annoyed at the
scant success of my effort to put you right in the matter of
sexual theory, and proposed to wait until the affect had died
down. And then something happened which for a long time
took away the desire to write, that is, you know that a great
many things have been happening with us of a kind capable
of gripping and upsetting one, but one direct consequence of
these great convulsions struck me particularly hard.

My son Ernst went off on student's leave to Munich to
qualify, and one day at the beginning of the collapse my son
Oliver came home from Hungary safe and sound. But my
eldest son did not come back and did not write, and when he
did not turn up in the mass of returning men we had to
assume that something had happened to him. Slowly the
darkness cleared. First of all we heard that his regiment was
one of those which had been taken prisoner during the last
few days of the war- some said actually after the conclusion
of the armistice. Had he been taken prisoner with his unit?
Was he one of those who escaped and had been shot down by
his own side, or by the now hostile population? One could
suspect what one liked, according to one's mood. At last, on
November 21, a postcard (its predecessors had gone astray)
arrived from him from an Italian field hospital, saying he was
much better and would soon be taken away. A card received
by a friend of his on the same day spoke of great dangers
escaped and severe ordeals. But why was he in hospital? Had
he had an accident? Had he been wounded, or taken ill? Of
course I wrote to him at once and, through Dr Sachs's good
offices, to the Red Cross. I do not think he has heard from us

yet. Not till four weeks later did another card come from
him, dated November 30, telling us that he had been taken
prisoner unhurt and 'after absolutely incredible hardships'
had gone down with a fever and was then {i.e., at the end of
November) being well cared for in a convalescence hospital
at Teramo ( Abruzzi) , We still do not know where he is now,
or whether he has heard from us, but we are glad that it is
nothing more serious. Superfluous horror, now that the
fighting has long since stopped.

Thus your letter received to-day exhorts me no longer to
be deflected from writing to you. I thank you very much
indeed for your invitation to Switzerland, just as I have
thanked Jones for his invitation, which I received through a
diflferent channel. The demonstration of such friendly feelings
does one good, even though one cannot take advantage of
them. Of at least six reasons which stand in the way of
accepting such kind ofli'ers I shall mention only one. Anyone
who now leaves German Austria must leave behind 50-75
per cent of his property. Freedom of movement is eliminated
by the ban on tax evasion.

Conditions in Vienna are undeniably very bad, and the
future will perhaps be even worse. With us personally things
are not bad; with touching fanaticism our Hungarian friends
send us provisions of all sorts.

The big endowment for psycho-analytic purposes which a
Budapest follower (Dr Anton von Freund) has put at my
disposal since the congress on September 29 is to be used to
found a psycho-analytic publishing house. Rank is in charge
of this enterprise, which began work to-day. We shall pub-
lish, not only our journals, but also books, the first of which
is to be the sixth edition of the Everyday Life. We shall cer-
tainly include you among our authors.

As a consequence of setting up this enterprise we have
little or nothing left over for other purposes. So I have been
embarrassed about how to answer Johann Nohl,^ whose

^ Hermann Nohl, Swiss educationist, author of Die Fruchtbarkeit dei
Psychoanalyse fiir Ethik itnd Religion, Schweizerland, 19 16

works I too very much liked. On top of this hmitation there
is the tremendous depreciation of our currency. Can I sug-
gest that a respected colleague should accept 300 francs?
That would be equivalent to 1,000 of our crowns, which
were once worth 1,050 francs.

I have to-day ordered Heller^ to send you the fourth
volume of my Collection.'^ I shall be glad to receive your
English book in return. Communications with Switzerland
are again open. I hope to hear soon again from you and your
new group.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
24.1. 1 91 9
Dear Dr Pfister,

In view of your inquiry I reply by return of post. I think it
very satisfactory that you are undertaking the analysis of O.,
and also hope that as a result you will revise your somewhat
heretical views about the constitution and significance of the
sex instinct.

My son Martin (Lieutenant, F.A.R. 4/3, Field Post Office
646) recently sent us a telegram from Genoa. Your offer is
very kind, but I do not know what you can do for him or for us.

Rank, with whom I have discussed it all, will be writing
to you direct about the publishing matter. He has himself
been thinking of going to Switzerland if prospects of useful
co-operation offer. Speaking generally, we need, not another
psycho-analytic publishing house, whose interests would be
purely commercial, but branches in non-German-spcaking
countries. We have resources sufficient to enable us to print
everything that seems to us worth while, and no interest

^ Hugo Heller, Vienna bookseller and publisher

^ Sammlimg Kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Vol. IV, 1918

in seeing the market Hooded with inferior psycho-analytic
wares.

Your English book is certain of a good reception. I have
had Herr Nohl sent through a bank the i,ooo crowns (not as
advance but as outright payment), but perhaps it will take
some time for the authorisation to transmit it to come
through.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

I 3 -4' 1 9^9
Dear Dr Pfister,

Before answering your informative letter of March 23 I
waited for Rank to return, and also until I had found out
about the effect of the events in Hungary. Now I am delighted
to inform you that I too regard the foundation of the Ziirich
society as a very hopeful event, provided that the gentlemen,
who are to a large extent novices, show themselves ready to
work hard and do not waste their energy theorising and
taking sides before being qualified to do so by experience.
I am also of the opinion that the quality of the membership
is more important than its quantity, and therefore appeal to
you to put a tight rein on your kindliness, which makes you
want to unite all conflicting elements; otherwise it will all end
up again in a Jungian parody.

The psycho-analytic endowment which I administer is not
an end in itself, but is available to be spent on worth-while
objectives. Contributions will therefore gladly be made to the
expenses for psycho-analytic purposes with which your
group will be faced. But not for the time being, so long as our
crown is worth only eighteen centimes and we have no
credits at our disposal abroad. In these circumstances it
would be wasting our substance to no purpose. For the same

reason, Rank tells me, the publishing house will exercise
reserve towards the Berne publishers.

It is also our firm intention that Dr Sachs shall stay in
Switzerland permanently as a go-between, so that we may
be guided by his judgment. Perhaps he may be useful to you
as an itinerant instructor; he is an excellent speaker, and has
the whole subject at his command.

According to all our information, the Soviet government
in Hungary is well disposed rather than the reverse towards
analysis, but the funds are not yet in our hands, and com-
munications with Hungary are very difficult. Fortunately we
have enough to go on with.

I do not see ordinary perverts, because they are not
severely ill when they seek analysis from me.

With cordial greetings and best wishes.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

27 ■5-1919
Dear Dr Pfister,

What a disagreeable task you have passed on to me.^ The
simplest thing to do in the case of men who are friends and
both aspire to complete integrity and truth by way of psycho-
analysis would be to send each the other's letter and let both
discover for themselves where they are arguing at cross-
purposes. However, I have never tried to evade an un-
pleasant task. I shall say to both of you what I have to criticise
in both and to neither what I find fault with in the other.

First, your factual question, which can be answered with
confidence. You have applied for admission to the Inter-
national Psycho-Analytical Association and must regard
your application as having been provisionally accepted. The
lack of any reply from headquarters is explained by the
^ There had been a disagreement between Pfister and Sachs

chance of its isolation because of the interruption of the
postal service. You will see in the next number of the journal,
which has already been printed, and is on the way here from
Teschen, that your group's application has been acknow-
ledged by headquarters.

That being the position, it is obvious that until the next
congress no-one has any authority to turn you out. If Sachs
advised you to withdraw, he did so purely in his private
capacity, and you are not under the slightest obligation to
follow his advice, as you could have told him quietly and
with a good conscience, secure in the knowledge that your
scientific beliefs qualify you for membership.

On the other hand, no-one has the power and no-one will
try to keep you in the international association if you have
no desire to remain in it. There is a good deal in your letter
that points in that direction, but, if that is the situation,
there seems to me to be no urgent reason why you should
decide to withdraw immediately. Until the congress takes
place (which will probably not be till 1920), you can wait
and see whether the alleged antagonisms increase or decline,
and whether or not you are able to get on with the members
of the international association, and thus avoid all the harm
that you fear might ensue for your society.

However, you want from me, not only the facts of the
situation, but if possible also my backing. That I should
gladly give you if I did not have something to reproach you
with (and I mean in the first place you, Dr O. Pf., and not
the Ziirich association). In your letter there is not a syllable
about what is the chief point of Sachs's letter. From the dis-
cussion, the reaction to the casual remarks he made, the
ensuing argument with you, and probably also from all
sorts of imponderabilia not communicable in writing, he
received the impression that there existed in the society the
intention to leave the factor of sexuality if possible un-
touched. I hope he was wrong in this conclusion, because
when the society joined us it could not help knowing that
this was its shibboleth. But perhaps he mistrusts 'Swiss

psychology' and fears that 'Jungification' has left a deeper
mark on you than you are willing to admit to yourselves
and others. Thus I should gladly say he was wrong if- the
little word in question had occurred just once in your letter.
That would have cleared up and facilitated so much. As it
is, the impression is created of a symptomatic action con-
firming Sachs's suspicion.

Also I cannot believe that Sachs's unwarranted advice was
based on the view that your society was not ready for
association with the international association on the ground
that the latter consisted of fully-fledged analysts. There must
be a misunderstanding here. Sachs knows that (i) this is not
true of the international association, and (2) that a new
society cannot consist of fully-fledged analysts.

The other thing I dislike is the antagonism which, your
letter testifies, has developed towards our friend Sachs. If
the members of the society are so ready to regard him as an
emissary of the High Inquisition sent to keep a watchful eye
on their orthodoxy, that is a political reaction most in-
appropriate in a scientific context; the spirit of republican
independence might with equal propriety rebel against the
tyranny of the logarithm tables. A scientific society would be
better advised to consider whether there was not much to be
learnt from the advice and arguments of a tried and experi-
enced man. I admit that but for this aspect of the matter I
should not take the whole thing very seriously.

You should have taken Sachs's so fully forgetting his own
advantage in what he said as a testimonial to his integrity
and his disinclination to any kind of opportunism.

With this I conclude my judgment in the official role im-
posed upon me. Allow me in my private capacity to express
the hope that you and Sachs will survive this 'storm' and
derive from the experience a strengthened sense of what you
hold in common.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

13-7 -^9^9
Dear Dr Pfister,

In the process of clearing my desk before going away
(Villa Wassing, Bad Gastein) your unanswered letter re-
minds me of my obligations. It arrived at a time of acute
worry, particularly about our friends in Budapest, and writ-
ing was very much against the grain.

I received your Geneva news with great interest. There is
much that is hopeful, but not yet any centre-point round
which crystallisation can take place. I am delighted to
endorse your liking for Mile. Malan.^ If you will vouch for
her style and understanding, I shall be glad to allow her to
translate any of my works she likes, subject to her publisher's
acquiring the translation rights from my publishers (Deuticke,
Heller) before January i, 1920; otherwise I shall withdraw
the authorisation. My endowment can do nothing to help;
we can send no money abroad as long as the crown is so low.
I should welcome a decision.

To the best of my knowledge I have given no authorisation
to M. Gillet of Grenoble.

I congratulate you on the success of your Method. You will
be receiving the second edition of Leonardo through the
international psycho-analytical publishing house (Rank).

Dr Tausk- has committed suicide. He was a highly gifted
man, but was a victim of fate, a delayed victim of the war.
Did you know him?

I am very pleased that you and Sachs are again on good
terms. But does the society take any part in his courses, etc.?

According to your reports it would be really desirable to
bring the wild analysis in Switzerland under control.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

^ H. Malan, Pfister's French translator
^ Dr Viktor Tausk, Vienna psycho-analyst

POSTCARD Badersee, near Garmisch,

3 1. 8. 1 91 9
Dear Dr Pfister,

Thank you for your recent letters, which have remained
unanswered in the commotion of travel, and for sending me
Mordell's book,' which I am reading with great interest. I
have been having a quiet rest here, and shall not be returning
to our gloomy conditions until the last week in September.

Cordially yours,

P'reud

Berggasse 19,
Vienna IX,
5-10.1919
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have to thank you for a number of letters of recent
months which in the upheaval of absence on holiday I did
not always answer. I have been back since September 24, and
shall now again become a reliable correspondent. I have been
hearing a great deal of pleasing news about you and your
work from Rank and Jones. Jones left yesterday.

Ferenczi has at last got away from Budapest, and is now
here. He has handed over the presidency, the duties of which
he cannot discharge in these times, to Jones (until the next
congress). Official arrangements are in hand.

My son Martin, having returned home from his Italian
imprisonment, has now surrendered to another; he has
become engaged to the girl of his choice, a Vienna lawyer's
daughter.

In regard to your friendly proposition regarding the French
translation of the Interpretation of Dreams or the Introductory
Lectures, the reply must be that I am reserving these tasks for
our international publishing house, which is now preparing
for the publication of a British journal under Jones's editor-
ship, but is only awaiting the opportunity of bringing out

^ Albert Mordell, The Erotic Alotive in Literature, London, 19 19

works in French. Bircher's negotiations with our pubhshing
house have not led to anything, so far as I know, and there-
fore I cannot take him into consideration.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
27.12.1g1g
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your first utterance since leaving here again betrays the
active philanthropist. I have no authority to thank you, but
I can say that it is very fine. Because of the holidays I can-
not pass on the matter to Wagner^ till tomorrow. What do
you say to an administration that shrieks to the outside world
for aid and then does not admit it when it comes?

Your son, provided that he has inherited anything at all
from his father, will be very welcome. Rank, with all his
treasures and novelties, is expected here on the thirtieth.
Then we shall set about getting your book ready for the
press; Hitschmann's Gottfried Keller is already out.

We shall have an abundance of articles from which to
select for the next few numbers of the journal and Imago.
Among them is a particularly interesting paper by Muralt^
which, in spite of certain difficulties, we do not want to
leave out. What do you think he would say to a detailed
criticism of his paper? If he is willing to accept this, and has
retained a copy with similarly numbered pages, I should like
to try it. He is in the best possible state of defection from
Jung, but he obviously read Jung and Jung only before read-
ing me, with the result that he ascribes to him a great deal

1 Professor Julius von Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940), who had been
asked by the Zurich Society for Aiding the Mentally Sick to undertake
the responsibility jointly with Freud of distributing food parcels to
mentally sick persons in Vienna

^ Presumably Ein Pseudoprophet, a psyche-analytical study by Alexander
von Muralt, Munich, 1920

of which he is as guiltless as he is of spectral analysis, while
with a very few exceptions he objects to everything that is
really his. Also I should like to eliminate a few personal
remarks, such as his comparison of Jung's style with mine,
and Jung's private statement that he does not reject me, and
graciously allows me my place, but merely corrects me and
makes me 'fit for polite society'.^ I should like to win over
rather than put off the worthy but still obviously very in-
experienced Muralt.

My daughter will gladly continue the collection for you
which my son began. I hope you will be coming with a
children's train again. Let us alter the saying and say: Suffer
me to come with the little children.

Let us see whether 1920 can make good much of what the
five previous years have spoilt. In any case, may it bring
nothing but good to you.

Cordially yours,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
2y.i.ig20
Dear Dr Pfister,

You sent us a charming lad, who, moreover, introduced
himself with the traditional gifts. On the telephone his voice
sounded so much like yours that for a while I could not
believe it belonged to the second generation; and at lunch
on Sunday he did not seem in the least unfamiliar; and he
behaved so naturally that it was a delight to have him.

In spite of that, since Sunday we have not seen him again.
On the same afternoon we received the news that our dear
Sophie in Hamburg had been snatched away by influenzal
pneumonia, snatched away from glowing health, from her
busy life as a capable mother and loving wife, in four or five
days, as if she had never been. We had been worried about
^ Zimmerrein, more literally 'house-trained'

her for two days, but were still hopeful. From a distance it is
so difficult to judge. The distance still remains. We could
not, as we wished to, go to her at once when the first alarm-
ing news came, because there were no trains, not even a
children's train. ^ The undisguised brutality of our time
weighs heavily on us. Our poor Sunday child is to be
cremated to-morrow. Not till the day after to-morrow will
our daughter Mathilde and her husband, thanks to an un-
expected concatenation of circumstances, be able to set off
for Hamburg in an Entente train. At least our son-in-law
was not alone. Two of our sons who were in Berlin are already
with him, and our friend Eitingon^ has gone with them.

Sophie leaves behind two boys, one aged six and the other
thirteen months, and an inconsolable husband who will have
to pay dearly for the happiness of these seven years. The
happiness was only between them, not in external circum-
stances, which were war and war service, being wounded and
losing their money, but they remained brave and cheerful.

I do as much work as I can, and am grateful for the
distraction. The loss of a child seems to be a grave blow to
one's narcissism; as for mourning, that will no doubt come
later.

However, as soon as the condolences have been coped
with, Pfister junior shall come and see us. It is not the lad's
fault, after all. He has already sent us a card of sympathy.

Feeling sure of your sympathy and with cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

P.S. Please thank Oberholzer^ for me, and ask him to excuse
me because of this painful experience.

^ Children from starving Austria were sent abroad by an international
children's aid association

^ Dr Max Eitingon (1881-1943), founder of the Berlin Psycho-
Analytic Clinic and the Palestinian Psycho-Analytical Society

^ Dr Emil Oberholzer, Swiss psycho-analyst

PFISTER TO FREUD ^tirich,

II.J.ig20

Dear Professor Freud,

That you should have done me the honour of correcting
my work^ with your own hand is very kind of you. I have
carefully checked your criticisms and suggested amendments,
and found them all justified. The work will certainly benefit
greatly by your sponsorship. I have corrected the proofs in
accordance with my conscience, and, I am sure, your judg-
ment. The only thing I cannot pack into my rucksack is your
joke about philosophy. If my philosophy amuses you . . . we
are quits, and you come off the better. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
9'5'^920
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your polypragmasia fills me with admiration, and I am
delighted at the progress your book is making with us. You
have been in Florence and Rome, and I have been very
envious of you, in spite of the bugs.

General rules about when analysis should be declined are
hard to give at present. It would be a subject for discussion
at a meeting at which experiences could be exchanged.

I very much liked your St Paul,^ which seems to me to
be better fitted for Imago, of which it will be an ornament,
than for your book, which is swelling as it is. I have always
had a special sympathy for St Paul as a genuinely Jewish
character. Is he not the only one who stands completely in
the light of history?

Yesterday, as a member of the committee, I attended the
opening of the children's home called the Tivoli. It is a

^ Presumably O. Pfister, ^mot Kampfwn die Psychoanalyse, Internationale
Psychoanalytische Verlag, 1920. Psychoanalytische Schriften. 1921.
[Some Applications of Psycho-Analysis, Allen and Unwin, London, 1923)

" O. Pfister, Die Enlwickhing des Apostel Pauliis. Fine religionsgeschichtliche
imd psychologische Skizze. Imago, 1920

German American endowment to which my New York
brother-in-law^ contributed a milhon crowns. Vienna is
really becoming more and more impossible. But the hospit-
ality of the Limmat valley, at any rate the official variety, is

°' With cordial greetings from

Your continually ageing

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

Dear Dr Pfister, * ' ^

1 picked up your little book^ on expressionism with as
much interest as aversion, and read it through at a sitting.
Then I found I liked it very much, not so much the purely
analytical part, which cannot overcome the difficulty of com-
munication to non-analysts, but the links you establish with
the subject and what you make of them. It kept reminding
me of what a good, kind person, you are. This Pfister, I said
to myself, is a man to whom any kind of unfairness is totally
alien, you cannot compare yourself to him, and how lucky it
is that you cannot help agreeing with everything that he
comes across in his path. For you must know that in practice
I am dreadfully intolerant of fools, see only the harmful side
of them, and that, so far as these 'artists' are concerned, I
am actually one of those whom you brand at the outset as
philistines and barbarians. You explain clearly and exhaus-
tively why these people lack the right to claim the name of artist.

Please accept my warm thanks for this enrichment of my

psycho-analytical treasure. ,, , ,

^ Your devoted

Freud
P.S. What is your charming son doing?

^ Ely Bernays, Freud's wife's brother, was married to Freud's sister
Anna

2 Der psychologische und biologischc Untergrund expressionislischer Bilder,
Berne, 1920. {Expressionism in Art, Its Psychological and Biological Basis,
Kegan Paul, London, 1922; New York, 1923)

PFISTER TO FREUD I2.J.ig20

... I have now spoken in public about psycho-analysis
four times in succession in various places, and each time with
great outward success. The teachers of a large part of the
canton of Zurich have placed themselves solidly behind me,
and are calling on the highest authorities to give teachers the
opportunity of becoming acquainted with pedagogic psycho-
analysis (paedanalysis). . . .

POSTCARD Vienna,

28, 1 1. 1 g 20
Dear Dr Pfister,

Almost simultaneously with the first copy of your book,
on which I congratulate you, there arrived your tribute to
P'lournoy,^ which I liked so much that I should like you to
write something similar about him for our journal, emphasis-
ing his connection with psycho-analysis.- I think Flournoy
has a claim to such an appreciation, and I do not think any-
one will challenge you on that.
How is your son? Still in Paris?

Cordially yours,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
2j.12.1g20
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your two Bircher books ^ and your letter have just dropped
in through the letter-box for Christmas. I have skimmed

^ Pfister's obituary of Theodore Flournoy, Swiss mystic, in the JVeue
Zurcher ^eiiung, 1920

2 Pfister's tribute appeared in the Internationale ^eitschrift fiir Psycho-
analyse, 192 1-7, pp. 1 01-6

^ (i) See footnote 2, p. 77; (2) O. VHster, Die Behandlung schwer erziehbarer
und abnormer Kinder

through the two former and confess that they are very good,
much better than I expected. They will provide a useful
means of propaganda and education. I see that a volume by
Silberer on the imp of the unconscious is announced,^ and I
am curious to see how the fox will come to terms with psycho-
analysis in the matter and how he will drag in his anagogics.

A few days ago I received the number of the Revue de
Geneve containing the first lecture of the Psycho-analysis,'^ and
a few days before that I received a Danish translation of it.
It is true that things are moving everywhere, but you seem
to over-estimate my pleasure in that. What personal
pleasure is to be derived from analysis I obtained during the
time when I was alone, and since others have joined me it
has given me more pain than pleasure. The way people
accept and distort it has not changed the opinion I formed
of them when they non-understandingly rejected it. An
incurable breach must have come into existence at that time
between me and other men.

I watched your small battle with Rank from a distance,
and of course was entirely on his side. You were wrong when
you tried to pin him down to what he said at your inaugural
meeting. All the circumstances have completely changed
since then. Our crown, if I am not very much mistaken, still
stood at between four and five centimes, and since then the
expenses of the publishing house have certainly quintupled.
It was therefore very unreasonable and unco-operative of
the Swiss to ask for preferential treatment affecting our very
possibility of existence instead of taking into consideration
the difficult position of the publishing house. Every considera-
tion would have been shown to an individual who confessed
his poverty, which would certainly be nothing to be ashamed
of, least of all to beggars like us. I was unable to understand
what Swiss national pride was aiming at in the matter; all it
could do was exploit the dreadful weakness of our currency.

^ Herbert Silberer, Der Znf^^l- ^"^ die Koboldstreiche des Unbewussten,
Bircher, Berne, 1921

^ The first French translation of the Five Lectures. See footnote i, p. 37

I am glad to hear that you have withdrawn your objec-
tion,

I am dehghted that the proposal to produce a jubilee
volume in my honour has gone overboard. I am extraor-
dinarily opposed to celebrations. But we hope to fish up and
bring ashore the paper you intended to write for it.

With cordial greetings and best wishes for Christmas and
the New Year.

Your devoted

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD I4.I.ig2I

... I have made a wonderful discovery in Plato which will
give you pleasure. Nachmansohn in his paper ^ missed the
most important thing of all. Plato wrote the following: 'For
the art of healing ... is knowledge of the body's loves . . .
and he who is able to distinguish between the good and bad
kinds, and is able to bring about a change, so that the body
acquires one kind of love instead of the other, and is able to
impart love to those in whom there is none ... is the best
physician.' Plato traces back all art, religion, morality, to
love, and he also has an admirable knowledge of the uncon-
scious, the conflicting aspirations of the mind. . . .

POSTCARD Vienna,

4.2.1921
Dear Dr Pfister,

I am very glad you have had things out in such a friendly
way with Rank. I hope it leaves no trace behind. Your little
paper on Plato ^ is very welcome, celd va sans dire. I energeti-
cally defend Groddeck^ against your respectability. What

^ Max Nachmansohn, Freuds Libidotheorie verglichen mit der Lehre Platos,

^eitschrift, 191 5, No. 3, pp. 63-83

'^ O. Pfister, Plato als Vorldufer der Psychoanalyse, ^entralblatt, 1921

^ Dr Georg Walther Groddeck (1866- 1934), German psycho-analyst

and writer

would you have said if you had been a contemporary of
Rabelais? Poor Rank will have to be my scapegoat more often
now.

Cordially yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

I4.3.I92I

... I understand very well that it is impossible for you to
think otherwise. The state of mind that leads you to en-
courage Groddeck is exactly the same as that which made
you the discoverer and pioneer of psycho-analysis. But, with
the best will in the world, I cannot adopt your view, as
indeed you do not expect me to. But there is a big difference
between Rabelais and Groddeck. The former remains within
his role as a satirist and avoids the error of putting himself
forward as a savant. Groddeck, however, wavers between
science and belles lettres. You say yourself that his trend is
definitely scientific, but I dislike his spicing it with jokes. I
like a clean sheet of paper, and I also like fresh butter, but
butter-stains on a sheet of paper satisfy neither my eye nor
my belly. His interpretations are too Stekelian for me. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

23-3-^92 1
Dear Dr Pfister,

I should of course be glad to accept a woman doctor for
self-analysis,^ provided that she is prepared to pay the now
usual forty francs an hour and remains long enough for there
to be a prospect of getting somewhere, i.e., from four to six
months; a shorter period is not worth while. I could certainly
take her on October i; whether I could take her earlier it is
^ I.e., training analysis
81

impossible to say. I am waiting to hear whether two patients
due to begin on April i are really coming.

You do not mention in your letter how much time the
young woman is willing to devote to analysis. How her recent
marriage will accord with an analysis lasting for many
months I cannot say, so further information is desirable.

I was delighted with your remarks about Groddeck. We
really must be able to tell each other home-truths, i.e., in-
civilities, and remain firm friends, as in this case. I am not
giving up my view of Groddeck either, I am usually not so
easily taken in by anybody. But it does not matter.

What you say about the pleasure principle is interesting
and valuable. You will soon have occasion to express your
opinion on a new piece. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the
Ego. On the other hand, what you say about dreaming seems
to me to be only classificatory in nature. Let us not forget
the broadest and best definition of dreaming, which is that it
is the mental activity that takes place during sleep.

With cordial greetings to you and, please, also to the
Oberholzers.

Yours,
Freud

POSTCARD Vienna,

17.4. 192 1
Dear Dr Pfister,

How dare you meddle in things that have nothing to do
with you? What business have you being ill?

Your paper^ will certainly rouse interest in Imago, but
decide for yourself where it will be the more effective from
your point of view. Whatever you decide will be acceptable
to us.

Cordially yours,

Freud

^ Experimental Dreams concerning Theoretical Subjects, Psyche and Eros, 1921

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
20. 5. 1 92 1
Dear Dr Pfister,

It is of course a disgrace that I have not long since answered
your cordial telegram of May 6. In self-defence I must plead
a deceptive memory; until to-day's big raid on my desk I
really believed I had done so long ago. Thus all I can do is
belatedly express my satisfaction that a holy man like you
has not allowed himself to be scared of such a heretical
relationship. May it continue to bring happiness both to you
and us, as in the past.

Actually, of course, you have long since been accepted
into the family.

In the expectation that you will remain devoted to it
('much prized and much rebuked'), I remain, perhaps for
some years yet,

Your devoted

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
3. 1 1. 1 92 1
Dear Dr Pfister,

I always read your letters with pleasure, they are always
so full of life, warmth and success. So let me congratulate
you on your latest achievements and hope that your pub-
lisher's difficulties will be temporary.

Fraulein E. is not with me, but with Rank, who praises her
highly. I could not take her, as British and American doctors
have been taking up all my time. So I now work for dollars
and cannot manage anything else.

Otherwise there is little to report. The family, who send
you their very great thanks, are well. In the past six months
their numbers have been increased by two small boys, one in

Vienna and the other in Berhn. A great-grandmother of
eighty-six still survives.

Your criticism of the 'Pulveriser'^ is very dignified.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD Zurich,

3.4.1922

Dear Professor Freud,

1 had hoped to give you a little pleasure by sending you a
new book, but now the pleasure is overshadowed by a great
sorrow. Yesterday we lost our ablest analyst, Dr Rorschach. ^
He died of peritonitis, and leaves a widow (herself a qualified
physician) and two children completely without resources.
He had a wonderfully clear and original mind, was devoted
to analysis heart and soul, and threw in his lot with you down
to the smallest details. His 'diagnostic test', which would
perhaps better be called analysis of form, was admirably
worked out. During the last three weeks I sent him three
series of tests done with his blots, giving him only the age
and sex of the individual concerned, and his diagnoses were
excellent, though the cases were extremely complicated. One
patient is a young girl who for years has been continually
weeping and wanting to die and is totally incapable of work.
From the tests Rorschach immediately diagnosed an obses-
sional neurosis with sadistic and confabulatory trends. This,
as well as many other features of the case which he detected,
was fully corroborated. He addressed the psycho-analytical
society only a tew weeks ago on the application of his
methods to psycho-analysis (I hope his lecture will be
printed). His intention was to become a university teacher.
He was a poor man all his life, and a proud, upright man of
great human kindness, and he is a great loss to us.

^ O. Pfister, Eins tamp/en! Eine Richtigstellung in Sachen der Psycho-analyse,
Schulreform, 1921

2 Dr Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), Swiss psychiatrist and
neurologist

Professor Schneider recently wrote to me from Riga about
the great successes he was having with Rorschach's tests. Can
you not do something to verify his really magnificent testing
system, which is certain to be of great service to psycho-
analysis? I am glad that I was able at the time to persuade
Bircher to print Rorschach's pioneering work. His widow's
address is Irrenanstalt Herisau, Canton of Appenzell.

I am taking the liberty of making just one short observa-
tion about the book^ I am sending you to-day. It represents
an advance, in so far as I have finally overcome a great many
confusions to which I had succumbed because of Jung and
Adler. So, to my great pleasure, I can say without doubt or
reservation that I have now seen the correctness of your
views even in areas where for a long time I had no experience
of my own. In matters of ethics, religion, and philosophy
there remain diflferences between us which neither you nor I
regard as a gulf In my new work, which is the first volume
of a monograph on the development and aberrations of love,
I address myself to parents and teachers, because my faith
in the pundits has notably shrunk. My primary aim is to help
to overcome distress, and this is better done by pointing out
to people the way to the psycho-analyst than by battling with
the serried ranks of thick-headed psychologists and educa-
tionists. But it is incredibly difficult to write simply and at
the same time cover the ground thoroughly. I took a great
deal of trouble to combine the two objectives in this book, I
do not know if I have succeeded. . . .

Berggasse rg,
Vienna IX,
6.4.ig22
Dear Dr Pfister,

Thank you for your latest book, which arrived to-day,
after your letter. All I know of it so far is from opening the

^ O. Pfister, Die Liebe des Kindes und ihre Fehlentwicklungen, Bircher,
Berne, 1922 {Love in Children audits Aberrations, Allen and Unvvin, London,
1924)

parcel, but I suspect that it will be my favourite among the
creatures of your mind and, in spite of Jesus Christ and
occasional obeisances to anagogics, the closest to my own
way of thinking. Complete objectivity requires a person who
takes less pleasure in life than you do; you insist on finding
something edifying in it. True, it is only in old age that one is
converted to the grim heavenly pair hjyo^ xal avdyx)].

Rorschach's death is very sad. I shall write a few words to
his widow to-day. My impression is that perhaps you over-
rate him as an analyst; I note with pleasure from your letter
the high esteem in which you hold him as a man. Of course
no-one but you shall write the tribute to him in the journal,
and please write it soon.

Your admirable rebuff to Lipps^ serves him right. I think
you have summed up Haberlin admirably.^ In the matter of
H. it is hard to know what to advise. It often happens that
excellent and serious men cannot help hurting each other,
because otherwise they cannot give full expression to their
love. It is not to be taken too seriously.

When we talk about you, we always think of your astonish-
ing capacity for and pleasure in work, the very things for
which with less justification you praise me.

With cordial greetings and thanks.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

I9.7.I922

... As for the anagogics you think you can detect in my
other potboiler, I am completely innocent of the charge.
What matter to analysis are catagogics. I have completely
finished with the Jungian manner. Those high-falutin inter-

^ Gottlieb Friedrich Lipps (1865-1931), psychologist and philosopher,
Professor in Leipzig University, later of Zurich

- O. Pfister, Z^'ei Erziehungsbiicher von Professor Paul Haberlin, Religioess
Volksblatt, 1922. Paul Haberlin (1878-1959), Swiss psychologist and
educationist, was a professor in Berne and later in Zurich

pretations which proclaim every kind of muck to be spiritual
jam of a high order and try to smuggle a minor Apollo or
Christ into every corked-up little mind simply will not do. It
is Hegelianism transferred to psychology; everything that is
must be reasonable. If only that theory were true!

But education is quite different, it definitely must have an
ethical meaning. You yourself used to insist that children
have to be educated. And, when analysis is over and done
with, the little beasts and angels with whom we have to deal
have to be filled with honourable intentions. Not that one
should blow upon them with the breath of the spirit and blow
one's soul into them; but they must have a bit of mental and
social hygiene and practise it with healthy love. But analysis
as such must take all witch's brews seriously, adorn the devil
with no fig leaves, and do full justice to the parable of the
tares among the wheat. . . .

Bad Gastein,
23.7.1922
Dear Dr Pfister,

At last a letter with which I am in heartfelt agreement-
with the exception of one point. This concerns your sudden
inclination to (ordinary and medically induced) self-damage.
Is this punishment for your conversion from anagogics to
catagogics?

Of course there must be education, and it can even be
strict; it does it no harm if it is based on analytic knowledge,
but analysis itself is after all something quite different and is
in the first place an honest establishment of the facts, in that
we are in agreement. A squeamish concern that no harm
must be done to the higher things in man is unworthy of an
analyst.

I am glad you are satisfied with your colleague; we are
finding that not easy. We cannot get anything out of him.
When at last he promises a contribution to the journal, it
never turns up, and when he undertakes to write a tribute to

a valued colleague who has died, no tribute comes. Though
he is president of a local group, he never appears at con-
gresses, and no doubt will not do so at the next, and that is
really unprecedented.

Certainly I shall find time to talk to you and Binswanger
about poor Frau H. But will it do her any good? The unwise
creature has lost her lawsuit with life, I think in the court of
every instance. At the time I made the most uncommon
efforts to avert the verdict.

I too am greatly looking forward to our meeting again.
For a long time I have felt no desire to lecture. I know I
shall be pressed to do so.

Now devote yourself energetically to getting completely
well again.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud
My address from the beginning of August will be Gebirgs-
kurhaus am Obersalzberg.

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
Christmas ig22
Dear Dr Pfister,

At last a few free days in which to catch up with arrears of
correspondence. Normally I am a conscientious correspon-
dent, but during the past weeks I have dropped behind. I
have now reduced my working day to seven hours, and
promised myself that never again will it be nine.

Your complete and ever more manifest defection from
Jung and Adler has given me great satisfaction for a long
time past. Now I can definitely advise you not to reject your
meritorious book,^ which has already acquired such a good
reputation in the world, but to revise it, and thus let it keep
pace with your own development. You should do the same
^ O. Pfister, Die psychoanalylische Methode, see footnote 4, p. 55

with other works of yours in so far as the same situation
appHes.

Your new book or booklet will also be welcome after
Christmas; its arrival will be acknowledged by postcard. For
your collection apply direct to those of our members who
seem desirable to you as authors and suggest the subject
yourself. I shall try to get the publishing house to accept the
posy.

In general we are passing through difficult times here, the
effects of which on the publishing house I am trying to fend
off. News of the immediate family is good. Ernst in Berlin has
got himself a second son. I now have the younger of my
Hamburg grandsons here with my eldest, childless daughter.
In the wider family there are always worries, of course.

With cordial greeting to you and yours and best wishes
far into 1923,

Yours,
Freud

POSTCARD Vienna,

1 9 -3' 1 923
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have since heard that you have acquired pains in the

knee on the occasion of your half-century celebrations and I

send you my heartiest congratulations, on the latter at any

rate, on an open postcard so that everyone can read it and

join in.

Good luck to you!

Yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD 2J.I0.ig2J

Dear Professor Freud,

I can give you the welcome news that all is in order again
in our Swiss society. . . .

When things get serious everyone reahses what a great and
magnificent thing analysis is, and what an enrichment of hfe
it means to him. It brought an unparalleled illumination into
my life, and I cannot thank you enough for all you have done
for me by your discoveries and your personal kindness to me.
If I am able to work really hard for analysis during the years
that remain to me I shall be a happy man, no matter what
other things life may have in store for me. Also I rejoice that
the small band that met at Weimar in 191 1 has grown into a
whole army that looks up to you in admiration and venera-
tion. Now care must be taken to ensure that the wine of your
work is not watered down. I am delighted that Berlin now
insists on a three-year training course in psycho-analysis. If
anything, that is on the short side. . . .

Seventeen volumes either written or edited by me now
stand on my book-shelf, including translations. Should I not
slow down a bit? But it is so hard not to write when one has
learnt such great and important things from you. . . .

POSTCARD Vienna,

30.10.1g23
Dear Dr Pfister,

Do not allow yourself to be put off by the number seven-
teen, but go on working. You know that the truth often has
to be said many times.

I am temporarily out of action as a consequence of my
latest operation, but I shall be back in the ranks again in a
few weeks.

Cordially yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

30.12.1923

. . . It is now nearly fifteen years since I entered your house
for the first time and quickly fell in love with your humani-

tarian character and the free and cheerful spirit of your whole
family. The little girl who took care of the lizards, who now
writes very serious papers for the International Psycho-
Analytical Association, was still in short skirts, and your
second son played truant from school in order to introduce
the boring frock-coated old pastor to the mysteries of the
Prater. In the box with you, your charming wife and your
witty sister-in-law, I felt as if I were in a divine, Olympian
abode, and if I had been asked what was the most agreeable
place in the world I could only have replied: 'Find out at
Professor Freud's'. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
4.1.1924
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your cordial New Year's letter celebrating the fifteen-year
jubilee of our friendship gave me great pleasure. You have the
gift of throwing a rosy sheen over the everyday life one takes
part in so colourlessly. I also thank you for saying so little
about my illness, which during the past few months has been
taking up much too much space in our lives.

You ask whether I can take Herr P. for analysis during the
summer. It is hard for me to undertake any commitments for
the summer, because I am not yet quite certain about the
future. But, if I can, I shall certainly do so, provided that he
comes of his own accord. Also do not forget that I do not
work during the real summer months.

We had the impression here that your society had rather
gone to sleep, as we heard that no meeting had been held for
months, so I am glad to hear that you have woken up. Things
are lively here too; let me refer you to the latest productions
of our publishing house.

With hearty best wishes for 1924,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

1 4.2.1924
. . . The book by Ferenczi and Rank^ has given me a lot
of hard nuts to crack. That psycho-analysis is leading to a
new outlook on life I cannot and will not admit. All analysis
can do is make valuable contributions to building up such an
outlook. The latter depends on synthesis, and one must
beware of overloading the psycho-analytical apple-cart. You
yourself have always taught that what matters is not re-
membering but reliving, in that you have always insisted
that memory is not sufficient, but that it must be charged
with affect. It is exaggerated to say that after the ideal treat-
ment one would never hear of the patient again. It is only
human that gratitude, even if not effusive gratitude, should
remain; that does not involve any sacrifice of liberty. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
26.2.1924
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your book has once more given me pleasure in its splendid
English guise. '^ You should be satisfied with the impact that
your efforts are having.

I have also received a pile of publications from Beltrano in

Buenos Aires. You are no longer up to date^ in contrasting my

world renown with the indifference of Vienna. This month

the Neue Presse actually published an article about my

humble person, and there is a book in the bookshops by a

pupil of Stekel's which is written in a not too unfriendly

manner and tries to assess 'the man, his work, and his

school'.^

^ S. Ferenczi and O. Rank, Enlwicklnngsziele der Psychoanalyse, Vienna,
1924

^ O. Pfister, Love in Children and its Aberrations, Allen & Unwin, London,

1924

^ These three words in English in the original

* Dr Fritz Wittels (1880- 1950), Sigmund Freud, der Mann, die Lehre, die
Schule, Leipzig, 1924

The new work of Ferenczi and Rank is having a very
stimulating and rather exciting effect in our circles too. I
hope discussions of the matter will lead to some progress.

You are the only one of my friends who does not mention
my illness in your letters, but I assume you will be glad to
hear that I am getting on with my work and expect further
improvement from the treatment, which is not yet over.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^Urich,

29.4.1924

. . . The congress 1 gave me a great deal. You were present
in a much more real sense than at earlier congresses, at which
the negative father transference kept peeping through. We
were all of course tremendously pleased to see you there in
person, and quite a number came especially in that hope.
But everyone gladly granted you your well-deserved rest on
the Semmering. Many of the papers gave me great pleasure.
One or two things struck me as being too ambitious for a
lecture, particularly the metapsychological. A danger that is
still very noticeable is that of false generalisation; your
pupils rush in where you weigh things up carefully. Jones
traced back many character traits to the small intestine,
Abraham favoured the begirming of the digestive tract, and
Simmel either the middle or the whole end part of it. In this
process someone ascribed a number of character traits to an
organ to which someone else attributed entirely different
traits. So far as I am concerned, someone can come along and
describe the belly or the oesophagus as an element in char-
acter formation, and he can be followed by someone else who
takes some other organ to be found in the neighbourhood of
the alimentary canal, some gland or other, or the pituitary

^ Eighth congress of the International Psycho-Analytical Association
at Salzbtirg

gland, or what you will. In the long run people will see that
it does not do to stake everything on one card, but that con-
ditions must be considered as a whole. Also the extent to
which organic functions are psychologically determined must
be examined, otherwise one may relapse into the cold and
rather skinny arms of Adler. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
11.5,1924
Dear Dr Pfister,

Thank you for your account of the congress and your good
wishes for my birthday.

As usual, of course, you are hard at your labours, the fruits
of which always give me pleasure. I think that the publishing
house will gladly accept and publish the posthumous works
of Rorschach. That will of course depend on their length and
content. I should like to postpone a decision in the matter,
because Rank is in New York, and I do not wish to decide in
his absence. However, you do not seem to have finished
editing them yet.

It amused me greatly that you objected both to the organic
foundations and the metapsychological superstructure. In
reality, of course, one has to work at all levels at the same
time.

You certainly have my permission to use any picture you
like of me. If you do not like any of those that you have
available, I shall send you the publishing house's latest full-
face photograph. Whether a picture will show the 'good man'
you insist on introducing to the public is of course something I
cannot say.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
9.6.1924
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your Psycho- Analytic Method, which is still your most im-
portant book, has reached me, and after its transformation
has still more claim for praise and good wishes for its success.
I hope you will not take amiss two small observations. The
first is that you are guilty of an inaccuracy, in a supremely
unimportant matter, it is true, in Note i on page 2, where you
give personal details about me. Actually I was never a full
professor of neurology and was never anything but a lecturer.
I became a titular professor in 1902 and a titular full pro-
fessor in 1920, have never given up my academic post, but
have continued with it for thirty-two years, and finally gave
up my voluntary lectures in 19 18. All that is very unimpor-
tant, but perhaps a critic might seize on this minor inac-
curacy to cast doubt on your accuracy in general.

My second observation is that you still show too much
respect for the poverty of Adler. Just ask yourself what differ-
ence it would make to your work if you had never heard of
the Adlerian theory.

The book must contain a whole mass of other mistakes but,
as I share them with you, I cannot detect them or criticise
you for them.

At the beginning of July we are proposing to go to Wald-
haus Flims in Graubiinden for six or seven weeks. Perhaps
you will be able to pop over and see us.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
21.12.1g24
Dear Dr Pfister,

What a truly delightful Christmas greeting. I have of
course not yet read your new book,^ but only sampled it
when I unpacked the parcel. But I am already sure that it is a
good, bold, intelligent piece of work. Your productivity is
beginning to put mine to shame, and I have not been in the
least lazy in my time. May all the good spirits in whicii you
still seem to believe give you the strength and will to main-
tain it for several more decades.

1 am very satisfied with the choice of Lucerne for the next
congress, but it is very doubtful whether I shall be able to
travel to Switzerland to attend it in September. Travelling is
nowadays a very serious undertaking for me. Abraham, ^
optimist as he is, will have told you the facts of the matter.

Do not worry about your young American. The man can
be helped. Dr Reik^ here in Vienna has specialised in these
severe obsessional neuroses; he treated a Russian count whom
I sent him, for instance, with extreme patience and deep
understanding, and not without success, for several years.

You will be getting an Autobiographical Study shortly; I am
expecting it soon.

With hearty Christmas greetings and good wishes for the
jubilee year 1925,

Cordially yours,

Freud
Zulliger's excellent little book arrived to-day.*

^ Presumably O. Pfister, Die Liebe vor der Ehe und ihre Fehleniwicklungen,
Bircher, Berne, 1924

2 Dr Karl Abraham (1877-1925), founder of the German Psycho-
Analytical Society

^ Dr Theodor Reik, Vienna psycho-analyst, now in New York
* Hans Zulliger, Psychoanalylische Erfahrungen aus der Volkschulpraxis,
Bircher, Berne, 1921

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

22.2.ig2J

Dear Dr Pfister,

Your praise for my charitableness and wisdom may per-
haps be not entirely justified. If I did not know what a
strange man the colleague about whom you write is in other
respects also, I should take very much amiss his conduct in
the matter of the congress. But I tell myself, as you do, that
the man is not to be changed, and must therefore be swal-
lowed as he is.

The prospect of having you with us here in Vienna at
Easter is, so to speak, a consolation. Bring your American
with you. Since you make such a strong plea for him, I am
not disinclined to accept him for treatment in November. It
is not correct that as a matter of principle I take doctors only.
I have two patients among my five analysands at present,^
and shall be glad to have a third for next season. My uniform
fee is $20 an hour. As nature seems to be intending to grant
me one or perhaps several more years of honour, I no longer
need to fend off patients so anxiously. The main thing will
of course be the impression the young man makes on me
when we meet. Until October you will have to keep him
yourself, because I see absolutely no possibility of taking him
sooner.

Easter is not far ofl", and until then I send you my heartiest
greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

10.5-1925
Dear Dr Pfister,

You were one of the few who sent personal congratulations

in spite of the distance. In return, after an incubation period

^ I.e., Freud was conducting three training analyses

of a few days, you will be getting a permanent place among
the like-minded in my room.^

Meanwhile I have met your protege's parents. They seem
very willing to make sacrifices, which generally points to a
bad prognosis. I could promise them nothing definite, but
could only indicate my general willingness. Perhaps I may be
able to take the lad on September i instead of October i. It
is my strong wish that he should remain with you until then.
His father is, I think, very tractable, but his mother seems
more restless and more ready to undertake plans of her own.
We shall probably have further dealings over him.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

Villa Schiller,
Semmering,
1 0.8.1925
Dear Dr Pfister,

So you are back at work again. I have been up here for
six weeks and still have not had enough of idling.

As for our young hopeful, I think you should let him go to
his ruin. There is a vague possibility that I might be able to
take him on September 15, or perhaps even on September i,
but the almost insuperable difficulty is that with his un-
sociability there is nothing whatever for him to do at Sem-
mering, so that I should run the risk of excessively occupying
myself with him. In Vienna that would be something which
would take care of itself.

My daughter will give you my greetings at Homburg.^

Cordially yours,

Freud

^ The reference is to a photograph of Pfister's

2 The seventh psycho-analytic congress at Homburg *

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

8. 1 O.I 923
. . . Your tendency to resignation distresses me. If I took
you literally, I should object that you had handed over to
your id full power over life and death, good fortune and ill
fortune; and, in the name of your charming daughter, your
delightful wife, your whole family, science, and the whole
pantheon of supreme powers, I should protest. Two years
ago, on the occasion of my fiftieth birthday, you wrote to me
humorously that I was paying for it with a stiff leg. From
that moment onwards the trouble rapidly receded -the mas-
seuse would claim that she had something to do with it.
More than ten years ago you wrote to me dolefully that you
feared the time when your powers would decline, and since
then you have demonstrated unprecedented productivity and
greatness. In these circumstances I am not sure whether it is
more wickedness or love that makes me unable at present to
v/ork up a proper veneration for the age which you em-
phasise. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
1 1. 1 0.1 923
Dear Dr Pfister,

Soon after letting you know about my plan for A.B.^ a
reaction set in. I began feeling sorry for the poor lad, I had
a change of heart, perhaps I had recovered from a mood of
timidity. In short, I sent you a telegram asking you to do
nothing yet, and decided to take the slower path, that is, to
write directly to his parents. I was very frank with them, and
of my three reasons for thinking of giving up the patient told
them at any rate two: my opinion that he was in need of
treatment that might last for years and that I might not live
to finish it, and my fear that his condition might take a

^ The young American mentioned in previous letters. Freud had been
thinking of breaking off his analysis for fear of paranoid developments

more serious turn. My third and last motive, that I wanted to
spare myself a terrible amount of trouble, I kept to myself.
After telling them this, I left them to decide whether to let the
lad continue treatment with me or to take him away. If they
decided the former, let it h& for better for worse,^ without
responsibility for possible disturbances on either side, I also
initiated them into my plot with you in Zurich, which now,
after your explanations, seems to me to be superfluous. I
think that thus I have acted for the best, whatever may ensue.
Either his parents will take him away, in which case I shall be
rid of a difficult and probably thankless task, or, if they let
him continue, my position will have been basically streng-
thened and improved. After the observations in your letter
which point to the mother's lack of understanding, the former
is the more probable of the two alternatives, and I shall not
be sorry.

I find it very flattering that you still have so much con-
fidence in me, but you must admit that it would not be con-
trary to the course of nature if this time you were wrong. I
am tired, as is intelligible after such a troublesome life, and
think I have honestly earned rest. The physical components
which held together for so long are disintegrating, and who
would want to force them to hold together any longer?

I shall keep you duly informed about further develop-
ments in the matter of A.B,

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD 2J.I2.ig2J

One gladly takes refuge from the turmoil of Christmas in
the quiet of Bethlehem to rest, reflect and meditate, free from
dogma and science, , , , There I derive gladness and strength,
and science awakens memory, not of deprivation and hard-

^ These four words in English in the original

1 00

ship, but of germinating greatness, succour, and growth. You
will smile, but in your neighbourhood too I feel something of
the clarity of the Lord, and in any case in thinking of you I am
filled with an infinite gratitude and hope. Love is the greatest
safeguard against intellectual envy, and after it realisation of
the blessing of humility and of the beauty of the honest
labour of fetching and carrying, which in the case of your
Titanic building is magnificent enough. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
3.1. 1 926
Dear Dr Pfister,

Many thanks for having again thought about me at Christ-
mas time. I too am taking advantage of an extension of the
holidays to converse with you.

With us the situation, not to say the whole atmosphere, is
dominated by Abraham's death which, as you know, took
place on Christmas Day. He is a great loss to us, and he will
hardly be replaceable. I write that refraining from all emo-
tional reactions and assessing his objective value only. For
the time being Eitingon intends to step into the breach and
take over his work.

With our lad A.B. things are going very strangely. My
belief as a physician that he is on the verge of a paranoid
dementia has increased. I was again very near the point of
giving him up, but there is something touching about him
which deters me from doing so; the threat of breaking off the
treatment has made him gentle and amenable again, with
the result that at present a good understanding prevails be-
tween us. The great deterioration during which the letter to
you was written was connected with my telling him the
apparently real secret of his neurosis. The immediate reac-
tion to that revelation was bound to be an enormous increase
in the resistance. What weighs on me in his case is my belief
that, unless the outcome is very good indeed, it will be very
bad indeed; what I mean is that he would commit suicide

lOI

without any hesitation. I shall therefore do all in my power to
avert that eventuality.

Thank you for the news about your publications. A new
pamphlet of mine, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, is now
being published. It shakes up much that was established and
puts things which seemed fixed into a state of flux again.
Analysts who above all want peace and certainty will be dis-
contented at having to revise their ideas. But it would be
rash to believe that I have now succeeded in finally solving
the problem with which the association of anxiety with neur-
osis confronts us.

This time you do not mention your son, whose develop-
ment and career interest me greatly.

I send you my cordial greetings and wish you a year full of
success and enjoyable work.

Cordially yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^Urich,

1.4.1926

... I am taking the opportunity of sending you a just
published book about a fashionable Indian miracle worker.
You will perhaps be surprised at my taking so much trouble
about a sterile subject, and I am even more surprised myself.
I wrote an article denouncing the stupid belief people had in
the fakir's superhuman claims, with the result that I was
attacked, not just as if, like Luther, I had laid hands on the
sacred person of the Pope, but as if I had made a bad smell in
the Holy of Holies. Now these gentry have got their deserts.
The saint is exposed like a prima donna extricated from a
stinkbutt and the outcry his fanatical admirers are making is
enough to make the devil sick. The freer Protestant circles
are delighted at my disclosures. I wanted to strike a blow at
superstition, stupidity and goggle-eyed self-abasement, but
one should really spend one's time less unprofitably. One
makes no real headway against the stink, and the worse the

102

stink the more quickly do worth-while people seek fresh air.
I assure you therefore that it is with the greater pleasure that
I am returning to the analysis which predominates in the last
part of my book. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
ii.4.ig26
Dear Dr Pfister,

I like to think of this letter's travelling to Sicily, which is
prohibited to me.

I now lie down for an hour every day with a hot water

' bottle and am using the leisure to read the book about the

Christian fakir^ which your son brought. (I should have liked

to have talked to him, but I am now supposed to take a great

deal of rest and not see visitors.) The book amused me more

I than it pleased me. For myself I was glad that I have no

religion and therefore do not find myself in the cleft stick

which you cannot avoid. So far as you were concerned, I was

sorry that you had to busy yourself with such (let us call it)

muck. No doubt it will do good in some circles, or you would

I not have done it. All the same, it is a pity that even you could

I not be completely honest. You could not possibly count it a

virtue of the psychopath that he made such fine speeches, the

patterns for which have for a long time been available to all.

But that seems to be the whole of his merit.

You will have no difficulty in finding contributors to your
new series in Vienna and Berlin; you only have to ask the
heads of groups, Dr Simmel- and Dr Federn^ for names.

If you are really still in Sicily when you receive these lines,
bear in mind how much pleasure it would give me to be with

•' ' Yours,

Freud

^ O. Pfister, Die Legends Sundar Singhs, Berne and Leipzig, 1926
^ Dr Ernst Simmel (1882- 1947), director of the psycho-analytic
I sanatorium at Tegel, near Berlin; later of Los Angeles

^ Dr Paul Federn (1872- 1950), Vienna psycho-analyst, later of New
York

103

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

lO.g.igsS
Dear Professor Freud,

I read through your kind gift^ at one sitting and with great
admiration. You have never before written in such a readily
comprehensible fashion, yet everything springs from the
depths. As one of your first lay pupils, the book gave me
unspeakable pleasure. Only one lacuna struck me. You men-
tion educational cases, but not the enormous number of
adults who are not ill in the medical sense but are neverthe-
less in extreme need of analysis; I am thinking of alcoholics,
people with warped lives, those whose love life has gone
astray, frustrated artists, etc. As all these come into the field
of the cure of souls, I have a great deal to do with them, and I
earnestly appeal to you to cast a benevolent glance at the
analytic cure of souls, which is, after all, another of your
children. Undoubtedly the cure of souls will one day be a
recognised non-ecclesiastical and even non-religious calling.
If only men can be made good and happy, with religion or
without it, the Lord will assuredly smile approvingly at the
work. . . ,

It is a great grief to me that the theologians are so back-
ward and wanting. I have now been at work for eighteen
years. The educationists have accepted a great deal, and I
hear on all sides that analysis is engaging more and more of
their interest. But the theologians are too involved in stupid
squabbles about principles to care very much about the
mental well-being of the laity- or their own. All the same, it
has not been all in vain. I am writing an article on Sigmund
Freud for the big encyclopaedia Die Religion in Geschichte und
Gegenwart. . . .

1 The Qiiestion of Lay Analysis

104

Semmering,
14.9.1926
Dear Dr Pfister,

I am glad that on the whole you Uke my pamphlet. But
do not judge it as an objective, scientific piece; it is a piece of
polemics written for a special occasion. Otherwise I should
certainly not have omitted the application of analysis to the
cure of souls. I considered doing so, but in Catholic Austria
the idea of a 'churchman's' working with analysis is totally
inconceivable, and I did not wish further to complicate the
issue. Besides, my argument would not have benefited; the
answer would have been that, if these spiritual gentlemen
wished to use analysis, that was no affair of ours, they should
apply for permission to their bishop. I am well aware that
Catholic analysis exists in Germany, but it would hardly be
possible in Austria.

In regard to your remark about the latency period, let me
say that the setting aside of sexuality is often only partial, with
the result that a certain amount of activity is maintained.
That is very frequent, and there are also plenty of cases with
which one would never have hit on the idea of a latency
period at all. When one considers the events of the early
period, a relative residue of sexual activity is nearly always to
be detected. The opposite objection, that in savages there is
no latency period, the consequence of which would be that
the latter was not innate but a product of civilisation, seems
to me to be interesting. I do not believe it to be correct, but
the question can be settled only by new and extensive inves-
tigations (Malinowski).^

I am spending an agreeable time here- so far as my local
torment permits- and I propose to prolong it to the end of the
month. To-morrow I am sending A.B., who has been here
since August i, on holiday until October i. I must tell you
about him, there have been a good many changes in his case.
His intolerableness has been successfully overcome, I have
actually grown fond of him, and he seems to reciprocate this.
1 Bronislaw Malinowski (1881-1942), British anthropologist
105

After dreadful difficulties some pieces of the secret history of
his development have been laid bare, and the effect, as was
corroborated by relatives who saw him during the holidays,
has been very favourable. Outwardly he still behaves strangely
enough and is still very far from normal, as is in accordance
with the incompleteness of our results. On the other hand it
is undeniable that there is a great deal about him that is
alarming, as if he were on the way to passing from obsessional
neurosis to paranoia. There is often a very strange quality
about his ideas and chains of thought, and his symptoms
could without much difficulty be called delusions. Whenever
he succumbs to resistance I tell myself that it is a case of
schizophrenia after all, but that impression vanishes when
something is cleared up. I propose to leave aside the aca-
demic question of diagnosis and go on working with the living
material. So long as this remains plastic and we have suc-
cesses, I feel this is justified. A not inessential factor is the
impression that his personality is worth any amount of
trouble.

With cordial greeting, and in the hope of soon hearing
again about your work.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
21.11.1g26
Dear Dr Pfister,

Let me congratulate you. I shall gladly set aside a special
shelf for the translations of your books if you send me them.
Of all the applications of psycho-analysis the only one that is
really flourishing is that initiated by you in the field of edu-
cation. It gives me great pleasure that my daughter is begin-
ning to do good work in that field.

The day after receiving your book I dreamt I was in
Zurich. Evidently I wanted to come and see you -the dream

106

of a man whose infirmities prevent him from travelhng. At
Christmas I want to try and go to BerHn-to make the ac-
quaintance of four small grandchildren.^

Cordially yours,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
11.4.1927
Dear Dr Pfister,

Thank you for your autobiographical sketch- and the com-
plementary accompanying poem, which obviously accords
with your idea of your outer ego. I read the prose carefully,
and in doing so surveyed your whole development in my
mind. Permit me to express one surprising thing that struck
me in retrospect in regard to the first edition of your Psycho-
Analytic Method. This was that you put up so much better resis-
tance to the confusion of Jung than you did to the absurdity
of Adler. To you love is the salvation of the world and the
core of religion, but nevertheless you hesitated for a time in
the face of a theory which denies love and admits no motive
but self-assertion. Your dubiety in the matter fortunately
belongs to the past, and I return to it now only because I still
detect an echo of it in your present attitude to instinct theory.
It is not correct that the instincts are never found in isolation;
there are reactions in which one finds only one or only the
other; and even if they never appeared in isolation that would
be no reason for not distinguishing between them. Gold never
occurs in nature without an admixture of silver and copper,
but that is no reason for not recognising the essential differ-
ences between them. But I am in a very morose mood to-day,
my prosthesis is tormenting me.

I gave your autobiographical sketch to A.B. to read, and

^ Three sons of Ernst and a daughter of OHver

^ O. Pfister, Die Pddagogik der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, FeUx
Meinert, Leipzig, 1927

107

the unfavourable reaction showed me how httle I have ac-
compHshed with him. He has not yet given up his childish
reactions to the influence of authority, and it is that that
makes him so difficult to treat. I am not wasting time on the
question of correct diagnosis; he certainly has plenty of
schizophrenic traits, without there being any need to send
him away for that reason. After all, it is not very clear what
that diagnosis means. But the lad is a severe ordeal. I am
trying hard to get him deliberately to resist his fetishist
masturbation to enable him to corroborate for himself all
that I have discerned about the nature of the fetish, but he
will not believe that such abstinence will lead to this and is
essential for the progress of the treatment. On the other hand
I feel a great deal of sympathy for him, and cannot make up
my mind to send him away and risk a disastrous outcome. So
I am continuing with him, though perhaps if I give up work
he will leave me in any case.

I know that your jubilee in the church is imminent. Allow
me, though prematurely, to be one of those who Vv^ill con-
gratulate you.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
i.S.igsy
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have just finished the hangman's job you asked me to do
via Frau H. The letters of 191 2 have been destroyed; a few of
impersonal content still remain.

I have done what you asked me to do, but did not do so
gladly. I regretted the letters, which I read again for the first
time after so many years. I pictured you in my mind as you
were then, with all your winning characteristics, your en-
thusiasm, your exuberant gratitude, your courageous integ-

108

rity, the way you blossomed forth after your first contact
with analysis, as well as your blessed confidence in people
who were so soon to disappoint you. And, though you were
also at that time in danger of committing stupidities, and
since then fate has dealt more kindly with you, I could not
help feehng regret that that battle passed you by; and per-
haps it was not just my fanaticism or the spectator's desire for
sensation that made me feel like that; friendship also perhaps
had something to do with it,

I have just re-read the letter in which you wrote to me: 'Do
not talk of your age, you are the youngest of us all'. Would
you still write that to-day?

I greet you cordially.

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
16.10.1g27
Dear Dr Pfister,

Thanks to your letters, I have been following with intel-
ligible interest your triumphal progress through the Scan-
dinavian countries. The very gratifying result must largely
be attributed to your personality, because the resistance to
analysis of these Scandinavians is particularly deep-rooted.

In regard to your Swedish friend's book on asceticism,^
please get in touch with Dr Eitingon, who is now in charge of
the publishing house. You know in what straits that institu-
tion of ours now is. In view of that a recommendation from
me would carry no weight.

In the next few weeks a pamphlet of mine^ will be appear-
ing which has a great deal to do with you. I had been wanting
to write it for a long time, and postponed it out of regard for
you, but the impulse became too strong. The subject-matter

1 Christian Schjelderup, Die Askese, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1928
^ The Future of an Illusion, Standard Ed. Vol. XXI

109

-as you will easily guess -is my completely negative attitude
to religion, in any form and however attenuated, and, though
there can be nothing new to you in this, I feared, and still
fear, that such a public profession of my attitude will be
painful to you. When you have read it you must let me know
what measure of toleration and understanding you are able
to preserve for the hopeless pagan.

Always your cordially devoted

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

21.10.lg2y
... As for your anti-religious pamphlet, there is nothing
new to me in your rejection of religion. I look forward to it
with pleasurable anticipation. A powerful-minded opponent
of religion is certainly of more service to it than a thousand
useless supporters. In music, philosophy, and religion I go
different ways from you. I have been unable to imagine that
a public profession of what you believe could be painful to
me; I have always believed that every man should state his
honest opinion aloud and plainly. You have always been
tolerant towards me, and am I to be intolerant of your athe-
ism? If I frankly air my differences from you, you will cer-
tainly not take it amiss. Meanwhile my attitude is one of
eager curiosity.

Permit me to mention an entirely different matter. It con-
cerns what you describe as the unsolved problem of therapy.
It appears that F. gained no lasting help from analysis in
Vienna. He describes the therapeutic success of the analysis as
minimal, and regards it all as theory. And here is a quite diff-
erent experience. Harald Schjelderup, a brilliant thirty-two-
year-old professor of philosophy and psychology, who wrote
the first analytically oriented psychological text-book-it is
due soon to appear in German -was under analysis with Dr
H, for seven months, during which his agonising weekly mi-
graines grew worse and worse, until he had to return to Oslo.

Well, this summer he came to me. We analysed hard, and the
last, much milder, attack took place after a fortnight. After
that we went on analysing for about another three weeks, but
the originally violent pathogenic repressions made no further
appearance, and after three weeks we broke off. Then, with-
out our doing any more analysis, after the Locarno congress
he accompanied me to Zermatt. Since the beginning of July
the migraines have disappeared completely. Schjelderup's at-
titude to Dr H. was not bad, but predominantly negative. He
wrote to me as follows about the difference in method:

I believe the time I spent with you will be of great importance
to my whole future. I went through an analysis with Dr H., but
had the impression that the difference between your method and
his was very great. The difference is not only that you do much
more interpreting and by your interpretations advance, not only
towards the general instinctual drives, but also to the particular
conflict situations. The whole nature of your analysis is much
more active and effective. There was something unsatisfactory
about the whole analysis in Vienna, and something humiliating
to one's ego feeling as well. When an unpleasing instinctual im-
pulse or infantile wish appeared, I was left with no idea what to
do with it; the fact was simply noted. But you laid emphasis on
your own attitude and on its connections with the whole. It seems
to me that only if that is done can inappropriate attitudes be
really disposed of. Thereby the humiliating element in the situa-
tion largely disappears, and a healthy transference is made pos-
sible. ... I have the definite impression that the short time I
spent with you was of much more practical value than the seven
months' analysis in Vienna. The migraine has gone -I hope for
ever.

I had similar experiences with the brother of the writer of
this letter, whose career was wrecked by inappropriate treat-
ment and, in spite of enormous gifts, which his latest book
brilliantly corroborates, got into incredible difficulties, like
Strindberg's stepson, a student who developed a headache
after working for an hour and was practically unable to work
at all, with the result that after five years' 'work' he had got
nowhere at all, as has happened to many others.

Ill

With the exception of a few cases which ended unsatisfac-
torily, I have never experienced dependence or lasting over-
affection on the part of my patients, but only a certain atti-
tude of gratitude and liking, which seems to me healthier and
more natural than just a cold leave-taking from a person to
whom, after all, one has so much to be grateful for. After all,
behind the personal relations springing from the transference
in the narrower sense for which there is no justification in
reality there must be real relations based on the real charac-
teristics of the two persons concerned. Should the attitude to
the analyst not be a pattern for what it should to other people?
... I am really not concerned with making friends of my
analysands, but for their good; hence this is a therapeutic
question. In your paper on The Ego and the Id you mention in
the footnote on page 64 the importance of the analyst's per-
sonality's permitting him to take the place of the patient's
ego-ideal. I should like to add that, according to my observa-
tions, it is also important that the analyst should transmit
values which over-compensate for the patient's gain from ill-
ness or guilt feelings.

Thus my question is: Do you feel it is a difference between
us that I do not completely break the link with the patient,
but only cleanse the transference of all unreality? You will no
doubt approve of my being always ready to be of assistance in
making use of every kind of human value in regard to which
the patient is not always able to help himself, because that is
my duty as an educator and a minister. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
22.10.1g2y
Dear Dr Pfister,

Such is your magnanimity that I expected no other answer
to my 'declaration of war'. The prospect of your making
a public stand against my pamphlet gives me positive
pleasure, it will be refreshing in the discordant critical chorus

112

for which I am prepared. We know that by different routes
we aspire to the same objectives for poor humanity.

On the question of therapeutic technique I must express
myself plainly. You as a minister naturally have the right to
call on all the reinforcements at your command, while we as
analysts must be more reserved, and must lay the chief
accent on the effort to make the patient independent, which
often works out to the disadvantage of the therapy. Apart
from that, I am not so far from your point of view as you think.
You know the human propensity to take precepts literally or
exaggerate them. I know very well that in the matter of
analytic passivity that is what some of my pupils do. Of H.
in particular I am willing to believe that he spoils the effect
of analysis by a certain listless indifference, and then neglects
to lay bare the resistances which he thereby awakens in his
patients. It should not be concluded from this instance that
analysis should be followed by a synthesis, but rather that
thorough analysis of the transference situation is of special
importance. What then remains of the transference may, in-
deed should, have the character of a cordial human rela-
tionship.

A.B. undoubtedly has very many paranoid traits- but we
can continue the work not without good hopes.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

24.11.27
Dear Professor Freud,

If I express my sincere thanks for the warmth of your
dedication, please do not regard it merely as a conventional
reaction to a friendly gift. That you care for me a little gives
me uncommon pleasure and makes me almost a little proud.
As for what I think of your work, it is exactly as I foresaw.
If anything surprised me, it is that I was so little surprised.

113

You have the right to expect complete frankness from me,
and you know that neither my attitude to you nor my plea-
sure in psycho-analysis is in the slightest degree diminished by
your rejection of religion. I have always emphasised that
psycho-analysis is the most fruitful part of psychology, but is
not the whole of the science of the mind, and still less a
philosophy of life and the world. You are certainly of the
same view,

I cannot have things out with you properly on the subject
of religion because you completely reject philosophy, ap-
proach art in a way that differs from mine, and regard
morality as something self-evident. I can understand an
important natural scientist like Driesch,^ who went over to
philosophy after a long and successful career in experimental
research, much better than one who merely abides by the
data. 'Pure' experience is in my view a fiction in any event,
and if we look at the history of the sciences we see how doubt-
ful is the reality hidden behind our so-called experience. And
even this mixture of illusion and truth that we call 'experi-
ence' we acquire only with the aid of trans-empirical assump-
tions. Conceptions such as causality, the aether, the atom,
etc., are certainly saturated with much bigger contradictions
than those of the theologians, and you know better than I do
how natural laws have been uprooted by present-day physics.
In my view there can be no such thing as a pure empiricist,
and a man who sticks rigidly to the data is like a heart
specialist who ignores the organism as a whole and its in-
visible laws, divisions of function, etc. Thus I have to find a
place for the unconscious in mental life as a whole, and for the
latter in society, the universe, and its trans-empirical realities.
For this in the first place I require a theory of perception. If
error is liable to creep into this, the same in your own opinion
applies to you.

What you say about the contradictions of religious and
theological thought you yourself describe as a repetition, a

1 Hans Driesch (i 867-1941), Professor of Philosophy in Cologne and
later Leipzig

I 14

repetition psycho-analytically developed in depth, of long
familiar ideas. But what surprises me is that you pay no regard
to the voices of those defenders of religion who bring out those
contradictions just as sharply and resolve them in a higher
philosophical-religious context. Let me mention von Eucken,
Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion, first edition, p. 274^. Also
Brunstad, Die Idee der Religion, p. 256^., concerns himself with
conflicting values, and it is significant that deeply intelligent
men have gone over from philosophy to theology. My friend
Albert Schweitzer, the distinguished philosopher, professor
of theology, organ virtuoso, etc., thinks just as pessimistically
as you do about the optimistic-ethical interpretation of the
world {Kultur und Ethik, Introduction, p. xiii) ; but in his view
that is only the beginning of the real problem, and he does not
shut himself off from insight into the philosophy of life of
those without a philosophy of life. ( Verfall und Wiederaufbau
der Kultur, p. 53.)

Your substitute for religion is basically the idea of the

eighteenth-century Enlightenment in proud modern guise. I

must confess that, with all my pleasure in the advance of

science and technique, I do not believe in the adequacy and

sufficiency of that solution of the problem of life. It is very

doubtful whether, taking everything into account, scientific

; progress has made men happier or better. According to the

I statistics, there are more criminals among scholars than in the

' intellectual middle class, and the hopes that were set on

I universal education have turned out to be illusory. Nietzsche

1 summed up your position in the words:

The reader will have realised my purport; namely that there is
always a metaphysical belief on which our belief in science rests
-that we observers of to-day, atheists and anti-metaphysicians as
we are, still draw our fire from the blaze lit by a belief thousands
) of years old, the Christian belief, which was also that of Plato,
that God is truth and that the truth is divine. . . . But supposing
that this grew less and less believable and nothing divine was left,
save error, blindness, lies?

I do not properly understand your outlook on life. It is

115

impossible that what you reject as the end of an illusion and
value as the sole truth can be all. A world without temples,
the fine arts, poetry, religion, would in my view be a devil's
island to which men could have been banished, not by blind
chance, but only by Satan. In that case your pessimism about
the wickedness of mankind would be much too mild; you
would have to follow it through to its logical conclusion. If it
were part of psycho-analytic treatment to present that de-
spoiled universe to our patients as the truth, I should well
understand it if the poor devils preferred remaining shut up in
their illness to entering that dreadful icy desolation.

Have you as much tolerance for this frank profession of
faith as I have for your long-familiar heresies? I hold it as a
piece of good fortune that you had to deprive yourself of so
much in order to do such tremendous work in your science
(with which your faith or lack of faith has nothing whatever
to do). But allow me to add two questions. Would you agree
to my dealing with your views in Imago^ Perhaps I might be
able to offer a little aid to many who now, according to your
own expectation, run the risk of rejecting the whole of psycho-
analysis, and thus I might be doing a service to the psycho-
analytic movement. . . .

Thus there remains between us the great difference that I
practise analysis within a plan of life which you indulgently
regard as servitude to my calling, while I regard this philo-
sophy of life, not only as a powerful aid to treatment (in the
case of most people), but also as the logical consequence of a
philosophy that goes beyond naturalism and positivism, is
well based on moral and social hygiene, and is in accordance
with the nature of mankind and the world. In all this it is the
patient's business to what extent he will strike out on a road
in harmony with his social and individual characteristics, and
the amount of aid he requires to find what is the right road
for him depends on himself alone.

Well, I have come to the end of a long letter. In writing it I
have had your picture in front of me, listening to what I said
with indulgence and friendliness. I hope that speaking out

ii6

like this has only strengthened our friendship. It has, has it
not?

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Pfister

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
26.11.1g2y
Dear Dr Pfister,

You were quite right, there was no room for any surprises;
you were prepared for what I had to say, and I for your dis-
agreement. I might have been tempted to point out that the
argument you are using is: This must be wrong because ac-
cepting it as the truth it would be too unpleasant, and that
the difficulties of my position do nothing to strengthen yours.
But that would not forward the argument, and would be only
a repetition, because it is already in the little book, so I prefer
to go on to your two questions, both of which are of practical
importance.

To the best of my belief, we have already made up our
minds on one of them. I attach importance to your publishing
your criticism-in Imago, if you like- and I hope that in it you
will specifically draw attention to our undisturbed friendship
and your unshaken loyalty to analysis. Your second question
involves issues which perhaps had better be separated out.
Let us be quite clear on the point that the views expressed in
my book form no part of analytic theory. They are my per-
sonal views, which coincide with those of many non-analysts
and pre-analysts, but there are certainly many excellent an-
alysts who do not share them. If I drew on analysis for certain
arguments-in reality only one argument-that need deter
no-one from using the non-partisan method of analysis for
arguing the opposite view. That too is mentioned in the little
book. If it were argued that that was not so easy, for the prac-
tice of analysis necessarily led to the abandonment of religion,

117

the reply would be that that was no less true of any other
science.

The other issue, that of influencing analytic therapy by
granting or refusing an illusory emotional satisfaction is,
strictly speaking, irrelevant, because, however warm-heartedly
the analyst may behave, he cannot set himself up in the analy-
sand's mind as a substitute for God and providence. If your
authority complains about the dry tracing back of his aspira-
tions to the father-son relationship, it must be pointed out to
him that the analyst cannot satisfy this aspiration, but must
leave it to the analysand either to overcome it after the ex-
planation has been given to him or to satisfy it in a religious
or any other sublimated fashion. The analyst can of course
make a bad technical mistake if he creates the impression of
belittling this emotional demand, or calls on everyone to over-
come a piece of infantilism which only a few are capable of
overcoming.

The whole question is of great importance and requires a
cool all-round assessment. Whether you will undertake it in
connection with your criticism of the Illusion is a matter on
which I do not want to influence you.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud
P.S. As you quoted statements by a number of important men
on our problem, you will certainly be interested in what
Bleuler wrote to me:

I promptly devoured your Future of an Illusion and enjoyed it.
Starting from quite different standpoints one comes to the iden-
tical conclusion, but your argument is not only particularly
elegant, it of course goes to the heart of the matter. There is only
one point on which I cannot agree with you. In your book civilisa-
tion and morality merge into a single concept, or at any rate the
boundaries between them are largely obliterated. I cannot help
making a sharp distinction between the two.

ii8

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
ii.i.igsS
Dear Dr Pfister,

The rumour of what has been going on with you had
already reached me by a private route. Thank you very much
for your detailed information. It will be Eitingon's task to
deal with the matter, officially I have nothing to do with it.
However, I shall gladly tell you what my personal attitude is.
I am opposed to all lame compromises, would never take
any trouble to keep anyone who wanted to leave, and would
never accept such a suspect formula as formal association.
Whether two Swiss societies^ are possible within the frame-
work of our organisation is a matter for the committee to
decide. My vote goes in favour of the society in which Pfister,
Sarasin^ and Zulliger are active.

Your reply in Imago is awaited with interest. Men's real
allegiance is shown in difficult times.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
i8.i.ig28
Dear Dr Pfister,

1 am glad you have sent me H.'s war-whoop. Thus I have
the opportunity to be astonished at it and to recognise it as a
huge pretext. A difference of opinion about the value of ana-
lytic therapy is no sort of reason for aspiring to a purely formal
membership of our association. But what is especially surpris-
ing about the excuse chosen is that it is based on nothing re-
cent. In recent years, I believe, I have made very few utter-
ances on the subject of therapy either verbally or in print, and

^ The Swiss Psycho-Analytic Society, unlike some others, accepted
non-medical members

2 Philipp Sarasin, b. 1888, Swiss psycho-analyst

since my illness I have not been to the Vienna society, at
which I am alleged to have said such wounding things about
the therapists. Moreover, on this point of therapy there has
been little change or development in me, and I still think
what I thought and said many years ago. What that was I
will gladly summarise for you. You will see that there is noth-
ing in it to force anyone to resign from the international
association.

I am just as opposed to under-estimating the value of our
therapy as I am to over-estimating it. I have claimed that the
successes of analysis have nothing to be ashamed of in com-
parison with those of physical medicine, and that analysis
does everything that can be demanded of a therapy at the
present time. On the other hand, I have also stated that we must
recognise its hmitations. Its chief defect resides in the fact that
the quantities of energy that we mobilise through the analysis
are not always of the order of magnitude of those warring
with each other in the neurotic conflict. Asa still hazy future
possibility we may hope that endocrinology will provide us
with the means of influencing this quantitative factor, in
which event analysis will retain the merit of having shown
the way to this organic therapy.

Also I have often said that I hold that the purely medical
importance of analysis is outweighed by its importance to
science as a whole, and that its general influence by means of
clarification and the exposure of error exceeds its therapeudc
value to the individual.

What I shall think about these things in ten years' time I
do not know- 1 hope it will be nothing at aU-but H. does not
know either.

I naturally agree to your making any use of this letter that
you may think fit, and am glad to hear that prospects look so
favourable in the matter.

Cordially, and with greetings to all our friends.

Yours,
Freud

120

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
iy.2.ig28
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have received a detailed memorandum from H. in which
he tries to justify his step. Neither his previous behaviour
towards us nor his present procedure against the International
Psycho-Analytical Association and the non-physicians are
made more intelligible thereby, and I have written to him to
that effect.

On the other hand I have been very sorry to hear what a
large part was played in his departure by critical dissatisfac-
tion with your analytic practices and your therapeutical opti-
mism. Sorry, because on these points I am to a large extent on
his side and, with all my personal liking for you and all my
appreciation of your work, I cannot approve of your en-
thusiastically abbreviated analyses and the ease with which
you accept new members and followers. I should prefer not to
choose between you, but to keep both of you with your fail-
ings and your bluntnesses, and I should like you to get on
with and become more moderate towards each other. Permit
me to hope that this wish is not unfulfillable, and that you
will find your way to it.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich^

20.2.28
Dear Professor Freud,

This is the third week I have been in bed, and I am very
annoyed that no-one has purloined and made off with my
phlebitis. I have been using the rest chiefly to write my friendly
criticism of you. I have been doing so with the greater plea-
sure because in it I do battle for a cause that is dear to me
with an opponent who is the same. There is not much danger

121

of your turning up for baptism or of my descending from the
pulpit, but among the points that bring us closer to each other
there are some which are very important, and when I reflect
that you are much better and deeper than your disbelief, and
that I am much worse and more superficial than my faith, I
conclude that the abyss between us cannot yawn so grimly.
While I wrote I saw your picture smiling indulgently at me,
but all the same I felt in a very glad mood. I very much hope
that you will not take amiss what I have to say; I even hope
that in spite of my friendly attack on you you will derive a
tiny little bit of pleasure from it.

I am sending you the manuscript to give you the oppor-
tunity of letting me know if anything strikes you as unsuitable
for publication, or if you think I have done you an injustice on
any point.

Our difference derives chiefly from the fact that you grew
up in proximity to pathological forms of religion and regard
these as 'religion', while I had the good fortune of being able
to turn to a free form of religion which to you seems to be an
emptying of Christianity of its content, while I regard it as
the core and substance of evangelism. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
24.2.1^28
Dear Dr Pfister,

It is very unfair of fate to send you to your bed with phle-
bitis. Your active way of life, your mountain-climbing, should
have assured your circulation better than that. But when is
fate not unfair?

That provides the transition to your reply to me. It has
already gone to the editorial office. It was very necessary that
my Illusion should be answered from within our own circle,
and it is very satisfactory that it should be done in such a
worthy and friendly fashion.

What the effect on me was of what you have to say you

122

have no need to ask. What is to be expected if one is judge in
one's own cause? Some of your arguments seem to me to be
poetical effusion, others, such as the enumeration of great
minds who have beheved in God, too cheap. It is unreason-
able to expect science to produce a system of ethics- ethics
are a kind of highway code for traffic among mankind -and
the fact that in physics atoms which were yesterday assumed
to be square are now assumed to be round is exploited with
unjustified tendentiousness by all who are hungry for faith; so
long as physics extends our dominion over nature, these
changes ought to be a matter of complete indifference to you.
And fmally-let me be impolite for once-how the devil do
you reconcile all that we experience and have to expect in
this world with your assumption of a moral world order? I
am curious about that, but you have no need to reply.

I am passing on to Eitingon your very friendly letter to H.
It does great credit to your character. Only it reminds me of
the last joke of my 'fellow in disbelief Heine- the phrase is his
too -who, when the priest assured him that God would for-
give him, replied: Bien sur quil me pardonnera, c'est son metier. If
I were able to treat a stubborn opponent as you treat H. I
should be proud of myself, but the fact that you have to do so
disturbs me. I have little confidence that you will get any-
where with the stiff-necked fellow. Incidentally, it is extra-
ordinary how difficult it is to establish the facts of a situation
beyond any possibility of doubt, even when those concerned
are such decent people as you and, no doubt, H. are.

But enough of all such profundities. I regress to the un-
speakably stupid but universal assumption of the omnipo-
tence of thoughts and wish you a speedy recovery and resur-
rection.

Cordially,
Yours,
Freud

123

POSTCARD Semmering,

30.7.1928
Dear Dr Pfister,

My congratulations on your trial of strength.^ A few days
ago I myself was up on the Rax (6,000 feet), which a few
decades ago I used to climb three times a week (see Katharina
in Studies on Hysteria, 1895), but this time it was with the help
of the cable railway.

Sic transit and tempora mutantur.

Cordially yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^Urich,

16.ll.lg28
... I have been very impressed at the attitude of the Inter-
national Society's journal in the debate on The Future of an
Illusion. Such non-partisanship is very creditable. If our op-
ponents always tell us that analysts are pettier and more spite-
ful, more intolerant and more fanatical, than the unanalysed,
this debate refutes them. To me the tussle with you has been
stimulating and helpful. Let me again thank you cordially
for your kindness. . . .

As you have been kind enough to deal with my questions
and diminish my ignorance, I am taking the liberty of again
putting a question to you. In your Three Essays on the Theory on
Sexuality (v, 41), you talk of qualityless instincts which receive
their specific characteristics only from their somatic sources
and aims. Are these specific characteristics still unconscious
as pertaining to the id? The qualityless instincts seem to me
to be very important in establishing the organic unity of the
individual and avoiding the impression that you think of this
as being put together like a mosaic.

My other question concerns technique. When one returns

to interpretations one has given, one continually finds that

under the influence of the resistance the patient's memory has

^ Pfister had climbed the Matterhorn

124

distorted what one said, with the result that wrong ideas are
firmly planted in his mind and attributed to the analyst.
With some analysands I have dictated summaries with very
successful results, with others I have analysed the distorted
interpretations, but with others again this did not succeed, as
for instance, with our A.B., who did not assimilate the dic-
tated version either. Do you think my experiments inappro-
priate? . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna /X,
2^.ii.ig28
Dear Dr Pfister,

In your otherwise delightful letter there is one point I cavil
at, namely your finding something surprising and gratifying
in the attitude of the International Journal (editor and staff)
on the subject of the Illusion.^ Such 'tolerance' is no merit.

In both works which have recently reached me from the
publishing house, one of which contains a reprint of your
Discussion,^ I note with satisfaction what a long way we are
able to go together in analysis. The rift, not in analytic, but in
scientific thinking which one comes on when the subject of
God and Christ is touched on I accept as one of the logically
untenable but psychologically only too intelligible irrational-
ities of life. In general I attach no value to the 'imitation of
Christ'. In contrast to utterances as psychologically profound
as 'Thy sins are forgiven thee; arise and walk' there are a
large number of others which are conditioned exclusively by
the time, psychologically impossible, useless for our lives. Be-
sides, the above statement calls for analysis. If the sick man
had asked: 'How knowest thou that my sins are forgiven?' the
answer could only have been: 'I, the Son of God, forgive thee'. •
In other words, a call for unlimited transference. And now,
just suppose I said to a patient: 'I, Professor Sigmund Freud,
forgive thee thy sins'. What a fool I should make of myself. To

^ O. Pfister, Die Illusion einer ^ukunft, Imago, 1 928 ^ Title not identifiable

125

the former case the principle appUes that analysis is not satis-
fied with success produced by suggestion, but investigates the
origin of and justification for the transference.

I do not understand the first of your two questions. I do not
see what connection there can be between the lack of quality
of component instincts and the question of their consciousness
or unconsciousness, and I have never understood what you
call the 'mosaic', or why you are afraid of it. To your second
question I can reply with complete confidence that such at-
tempts to fix the results of analysis intellectually have no
technical value, as frequent experience has demonstrated.

Your account of your unsuccessful case raises an interesting
problem. It really does happen that, in contrast to the usual
state of affairs, the conscience, the better, the 'nobler' im-
pulses suffer repression instead of the instinctually 'wicked'
and unacceptable. Dynamically that seems to present no
difficulties, but must depend on special conditions which
have not been investigated.

I do not know if you have detected the secret link between
the Lay Analysis and the Illusion. In the former I wish to pro-
tect analysis from the doctors and in the latter from the priests.
I should like to hand it over to a profession which does not
yet exist, a profession of lay curers of souls who need not be
doctors and should not be priests.

Cordially,
Your old friend,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD Zurich,

9-2-29

. . . Please allow me to return to your remark that the
analysts you would like to see should not be priests. It seems
to me that analysis as such must be a purely 'lay' affair. By its
very nature it is essentially private and directly yields no
higher values. In innumerable cases I have done nothing but
this negative work, without ever mentioning a word about

126

religion. The Good Samaritan also preached no sermons, and
it would be tasteless to have a successful treatment paid for in
retrospect by religious obligations. Just as Protestantism abo-
lished the difference between laity and clergy, so must the
cure of souls be laicised and secularised. Even the most
bigoted must admit that the love of God is not limited by the
whiff of incense.

However, it seems to me that not only children but adults
very frequently have an inner need of positive values of a
spiritual nature, of ethics and a philosophy of life, and these,
as Hartmann^ has recently so elegantly demonstrated, psycho-
analysis cannot supply. Indeed, there are many who need
ethical considerations, which they are not willing to modify
merely by way of the transference, in order to be able to cope
with their pathogenic moral conflicts. If no priest should
analyse, neither should any Christian or any religious or
morally deep-thinking individual, and you yourself empha-
sise that analysis is independent of philosophy of life. Dis-
belief is after all nothing but a negative belief. I do not
believe that psycho-analysis eliminates art, philosophy, reli-
gion, but that it helps to purify and refine them. Forgive a
long-standing enthusiast for art and humanitarianism and an
old servant of God. Your marvellous life's work and your
goodness and gentleness, which are somehow an incarnation
of the meaning of existence, lead me to the deepest springs of
life. I am not content to do scientific research on their banks,
but have to drink and draw strength from them. Goethe's
Wenn ihr's nichtfuhlt, ihr konnt es nicht erjagen- is still valid, and
will always be. At school my cleverest master used to say that
music was a pitiful row. I did not try to convert him, but took
refuge in Beethoven and Schubert, At heart you serve exactly
the same purpose as I, and act 'as if there were a purpose and
meaning in life and the universe, and I with my feeble
powers can only fit your brilliant analytical discoveries and
healing powers into that gap. Do you really wish to exclude

^ Dr Heinz Hartmann, formerly of Vienna, now of New York
^ 'If you cannot feel it, you will never lay hold of it'

127

from analytical work a 'priesthood' understood in this sense?
I do not beheve that that is what you mean. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
16.2. 1 g2g
Dear Dr Pfister,

I have discussed with Anna the possibiHty of her attending
the congress at Elsinore^ (August 8-22), but found her very
loth, I think with good reason. She has to give a lecture in
Frankfurt very soon, she is going with me to Berlin in March,
is meeting Eitingon, Jones and Ferenczi in Paris in April, and
of course cannot miss the conference at Oxford, ^ so you will
see that she has enough travel in store for this year and is
reluctant still further to restrict the summer after a hard
year's work. With Aichhorn^ it would be different, I mean it
would be if I had not already spoken to him, there would be
nothing to stop his travelling. But I know that he is an official
who lives on a limited budget and cannot afford the expense
of such a journey. Also I wonder whether you do not over-
estimate the importance of this congress and its attitude to
analysis. In one eventuality I should myself embark on the
trip to Elsinore in spite of all my infirmities, that is, if you
could persuade Prince Hamlet to appear in person and con-
fess in a lecture that he indeed suffered from the Oedipus
complex, which so many people refuse to believe. But even
you will not be able to manage that, so I shall have to stay at
home.

My remark that the analysts of my phantasy of the future
should not be priests does not sound very tolerant, I admit.
But you must consider that I was referring to a very distant
future. For the present I put up with doctors, so why not

' World Conference on New Education
- The eleventh psycho-analytical congress

''August Aichhorn, Viennese educationist and psycho-analyst (1878-
1949)

128

priests too? You are quite right to point out that analysis leads
to no new philosophy of life, but it has no need to, for it rests
on the general scientific outlook, with which the religious out-
look is incompatible. For the point of view of the latter it is
immaterial whether Christ, Buddha, or Confucius is regarded
as the ideal of human conduct and held up as an example to
imitate. Its essence is the pious illusion of providence and a
moral world order, which are in conflict with reason. But
priests will remain bound to stand for them. It is of course
possible to take advantage of the human right to be irra-
tional and go some way with analysis and then stop, rather on
the pattern of Charles Darwin, who used to go regularly to
church on Sundays. I cannot honestly see that any diffi-
culties are created by patients' demands for ethical values;
ethics are not based on an external world order but on the
inescapable exigencies of human cohabitation. I do not be-
lieve that I behave as if there were 'one life, one meaning in
life,' that was an excessively friendly thought on your part,
and it always reminds me of the monk who insisted on re-
garding Nathan as a thoroughly good Christian. I am a long
way from being Nathan, but of course I cannot help re-
maining 'good' towards you.

Cordially yours,

Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

23 '2 -I 929
Dear Dr Pfister,

I know how lonely you must feel now that such a long period

of life together has been cut short, ^ and in all friendship and

sympathy I clasp your hand.

Yours,

Freud

^ The reference is to the death of Pfister's first wife
129

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
26.5.1929
Dear Dr Pfister,

So far you are the only one whom I have not thanked for
sending me birthday greetings. Now I do so, and I am glad
that it is done. Life is in any case not easy, its value is doubt-
ful, and having to be grateful for reaching the age of seventy-
three seems to be one of those unfairnesses which my friend
Pfister puts up with better than I. However, if you promise
never to do it again, I shall once more forgive you, just as you
seem to forgive me a lot of things, including The Future of an
Illusion.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD Zurich,

4.2.30

. . . Please forgive me for having delayed so long acknow-
ledging your kindness in sending me your book on civili-
sation and its discontents. You will certainly have attributed
this to my discontent with it, but I must add that I have also
derived from it a great deal of pleasure. I recall that nearly
twenty years ago (if I am not mistaken) you wrote to me that
you looked forward with dread to the time when your mental
powers would fade. Now you have left seventy well behind,
and your freshness is enriching and invigorating. You would
live on a lonely height if you were only a thinker, for who
would there be to compare you with? But you live in the
midst of a circle of living, venerating, grateful men because,
in spite of your pessimism, you are full of kindness and
benevolence.

I gladly make use of the opportunity freely to criticise
your book. Years ago I read in Ebbinghaus's text-book of
psychology: 'The analysis of love-life leads to nothing but

130

trivialities' (Vol. II, p. 346). That is what I feci in reading
your new little book, which contains a tremendous number of
deep and important ideas but, so it seems to me, is not right in
everything. I cannot go into details or the result would be a
treatise, but allow me just a few generalisations. In instinctual
theory you are a conservative while I am a progressive. As in
the biological theory of evolution, I see an upward trend, as
in Spitteler's Olympian spring, in which the laborious ascent
of the gods continues, in spite of obstacles and reverses and
occasional slippings back. I regard the 'death instinct', not as
a real instinct, but only as a slackening of the 'lit'e force', and
even the death of the individual cannot hold up the advance
of the universal will, but only help it forward. I see civilisation
as full of tensions. Just as in the individual with his free will
there is a conflict between the present and the future to which
he aspires, so is it with civilisation. Just as it would be mis-
taken to regard the actual, existing facts about an individual
as the whole of him, ignoring his aspirations, it would be
equally mistaken to identify with civilisation its existing hor-
rors, to which its magnificent achievements stand out in con-
trast.

In my paper on psycho-analysis and philosophy of life I
described ethics as a hygienic measure (perhaps I was the first
to do so). I regard them not only as therapeutic {Civilisation
and its Discontents, p. 133) ^ but also as prophylactic, though by
that I think I have dealt with the matter only in part. Just as
doctor, employer, teacher, etc., are important in the life of
the individual, so are individual and social hygiene as im-
portant in the life of civilisation as they are in that of the
individual.

Reading your book is like travelling through a mountain
landscape. Here a ravine opens into which one cannot see,
but there a wide valley opens up. Many a brief phrase
tempts one to explore further, and one is certain to come
upon important terra incognita. . . .

^ Standard Ed. Vol. XXI, p. 142

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
7.2.1930
Dear Dr Pfister,

Outside it is raining, we cannot take WolP for his usual
morning walk because his inclination to eczema means that
he must not get wet, and so I have an hour's time in which to
answer your letter of yesterday without delay.

All the news that you give about yourself is not glad news,
but what right have we to expect that everything should be
glad? At any rate I am glad that you write about yourself and
your work, your hopes and griefs. At a distance it is so easy
to drift apart if one does not keep in touch, and there is a
special value in personal relations which shared work and
interests cannot completely make good; and we two, at this
moment when we have become aware of the ultimate, funda-
mental differences between us, have particular occasion-
and, I hope, inclination -to foster such relations.

You are right in saying that my mental powers have not
dwindled with my surplus years (over seventy). Though they
show the influence of age plainly enough. There are three ways
of disintegration between which nature takes her choice in
individual cases-simultaneous destruction of mind and body,
premature mental decay accompanied by physical preserva-
tion, and survival of mental life accompanied by physical de-
crepitude; and in my case it is the third and most merciful of
these which has set in. Very well, then, I shall take advan-
tage of this favourable circumstance to reply to your brief
and forbearing criticism with an even briefer modest defence.

I shall deal with only one point. If I doubt man's destiny to
climb by way of civilisation to a state of greater perfection, if
I see in life a continual struggle between Eros and the death
instinct, the outcome of which seems to me to be indetermin-
able, I do not believe that in coming to those conclusions I
have been influenced by innate constitutional factors or ac-
quired emotional attitudes. I am neither a self-tormentor nor
^ The alsatian belonging to Freud's daughter Anna
132

am I cussed^ and, if I could, I should gladly do as others do
and bestow upon mankind a rosy future, and I should find it
much more beautiful and consoling if we could count on such
a thing. But this seems to me to be yet another instance of
illusion (wish fulfilment) in conflict with truth. The question
is not what belief is more pleasing or more comfortable or
more advantageous to life, but of what may approximate
more closely to the puzzling reality that lies outside us. The
death instinct is not a requirement of my heart; it seems to me
to be only an inevitable assumption on both biological and
psychological grounds. The rest follows from that. Thus to
me my pessimism seems a conclusion, while the optimism of
my opponents seems an a priori assumption. I might also say
that I have concluded a marriage of reason with my gloomy
theories, while others live with theirs in a love-match. I hope
they will gain greater happiness from this than I.

Of course it is very possible that I may be mistaken on all
three points, the independence of my theories from my dis-
position, the validity of my arguments on their behalf, and
their content. You know that the more magnificent the pros-
pect the lesser the certainty and the greater the passion-in
which we do not wish to be involved- with which men take
sides.

I can imagine that several million years ago in the Triassic
age all the great -odons and -therias were very proud of the
development of the Saurian race and looked forward to hea-
ven knows what magnificent future for themselves. And then,
with the exception of the wretched crocodile, they all died
out. You will object that these Saurians thought nothing of
the sort, that they thought of nothing but fiUing their bellies,
while man is equipped with mind, which gives him the right
to think about and believe in his future. Now, there is cer-
tainly something special about mind, so little is known about
it and its relation to nature. I personally have a vast respect
for mind, but has nature? Mind is only a little bit of nature,
the rest of which seems to be able to get along very well
^ Freud here uses the Viennese word Bosnickel

without it. Will it really allow itself to be influenced to any
great extent by regard for mind?

Enviable he who can feel more confident about that than I.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD 26jy Duratit Avenue,

Berkeley,

3^ ■7-1930
... I am writing a lecture for the psycho-analytical society
in New York on 'The Origin and Conquest of Anxiety and
Obsession in Judaeo-Christian Religious History', It is a sub-
ject which has been in my mind for years, and it first attracted
my attention because it provided such magnificent corro-
boration of your theories. But then big new problems pre-
sented themselves, such, for instance, as the substitution of
the doctrine of revenge and sacrifice by the principle of love
and forgiveness. My principle of psychological continuity
make it easy for me to understand the practice of sacrifice.
The need for retribution has been magnificently elucidated
by your work in recent years. In regard to the genuinely
Christian conception of forgiveness, as represented, for in-
stance, in the parable of the prodigal son (St Luke, xv), there
is obviously a regression to the childhood state in which the
child is not yet treated by the standard of good and evil, but
simply with love and kindness. However, that does not solve
the real problem. The application of the principle of retri-
bution or forgiveness is among the most difficult things in
education. We always have to set up rules, which leads to all
sorts of trouble, until we are forced to overthrow the rules and
return to the original intention. Is there not analytic action in
all acts of grace and forgiveness? . . .

It always gives me great pleasure to see the great stream
that bears your name growing stronger, deepening its bed,
and widening.

134

My wife had a piece of news for me on her arrival that gave
me great pleasure. I had carefully preserved your letters since
1909 and kept them in a box on the floor. After my first wife's
death I had a house-maid who inexcusably burnt some of my
most valuable papers and robbed me dreadfully. After her
departure I hunted for the box in vain and gave it up for lost.
Now the letters have fortunately been found. I cannot tell
you how much my correspondence with you has meant to me,
and how much stimulus I have derived from it. I am greatly
looking forward to seeing your kind and sagacious letters
again when I return to Zurich in the middle of Novem-
ber. . . .

Grundlsee,
20.8. igjo
Dear Dr Pfister,

Just a line to let you know that I have received your letters
and am following your progress in DoUaria with interest.

We are very comfortable here. My mother was ninety-five
yesterday. I am amazed at how old I am myself. I am no less
amazed at having been awarded the Goethe Prize of the city
of Frankfurt. Our Nestroy/ the Vienna Aristophanes, used to
say that everyone becomes a privy councillor in the end, only
he doesn't always live to see it.

Cordially yours,

Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD 26jy Durant Avenue,

Berkeley,

5-9-30
. . . During the past few days I have again re-read -
perhaps for the tenth time -your The Ego and the Id, and I
felt glad that after writing it you turned to the garden
of humanity, having previously, so to speak, examined the
foundations and drains of its houses. One thing surprises me
^ Johann Nepomuk Nestroy (1801-62), Austrian popular dramatist

greatly, but perhaps I have not fully understood you. You
believe human beings to be so conservative, and talk of
identification and formation of the ego-ideal through the
parents. Am I wrong in rather seeing the drive to outdo the
parents everywhere at work? I do not deny that the boy
occasionally really identifies himself with his father, i.e.,
wishes to be his father. He can also be said to introject his
idealised father. But that gives a different look to mental life.
I have the impression that conservatives all have a kink in
the form of inferiority feelings, and that anyone who wants
to be like his father feels himself inferior to him. Does the
chief difference between man and the animals perhaps not
reside in the fact that we aspire to climb higher, over the
dead and the images of our parents, while the ape, in so far
as he is not urged forward by the not completely conserva-
tive nature of his phylogenesis, is content to go on hanging
to his father's tail? Many use the term 'identification' reck-
lessly, and confuse it with assimilation or partial introjection.
It seems to me from your new ideas that the ego-ideal
ought to be more thoroughly dealt with than it is by many.
I do not attain the objective with my patients by devaluing
it as a mere apeing of the parents. Just as real love does not
disappear when it is made clear that the first love-object was
the mother, so does the ego-ideal not collapse when it is
revealed that it originated in the parents' house. The parents
may be right, and their moral demands may be the correct
expression of a valid order of things analogous to the hy-
gienic order. By dethroning the ego-ideal nothing is achieved.
Immoralism cannot possibly be the last word, otherwise
hypocrisy and lies would be as good and valuable as honesty
and integrity, and battling with drawn sword for the truth
would be nothing but folly. Your morality, my dear pro-
fessor, made a deep impact on me; I say this though I know
that it will make you smile, because it sounds so moral,
goody-goody and childish. But I am oppressed by the lack of
seriousness with which some of your pupils regard confronta-
tion with the highest ethical values and dismiss all problems

136

with the flat phrase 'self-forgiveness', which on psychological
grounds alone does not apply to deeper natures.

I prefer to deal analytically with the moral imperative,
which I regard as an inadequate expression of a system of
imperatives intended for the good of mankind. If this highest
biological and ethical principle is deprived of its moral
impulse, the effect is oppressive and alarming, while the re-
establishment of the higher meaning leads to release and
healing. Analysis paves the way to independence instead of a
heteronomous morality. Achieving the will to moral be-
haviour involves sublimation, or rather the organisation of
the total personality, the instincts included. In this respect
sublimation, understood as a transition to non-sexual func-
tions, does not get one very far. What I mean is that a love of
mankind must lie even behind mathematics, otherwise we
get the ugly picture of the calculating-machine man. I prefer
complete moralisation; love of mankind always carries a
strong dose of libido cathexis in the narrower sense. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

1 2. 5. 1 931
Dear Dr Pfister,

After another major operation I am fit for little and un-
cheerful but, if I have got back to some kind of synthesis
again by the end of the month- that is what I have been
promised- am I to miss the opportunity of seeing my old but
by God's grace rejuvenated friend^ here? Certainly not, I
count on it.

Cordially yours,

Freud
^ A reference to Pfister's remarriage

137

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

16.3.31
Dear Professor Freud,

Your letter moved me deeply. Nothing was known here
about your operation. Only Sarasin had heard a rumour.
That you wrote so kindly in spite of your painful experience
is yet another proof of your love and a sign of the by no means
just-lived-and-taken-for-granted moral code which you al-
ways refuse to formulate. I feel tempted to base an individual
and social code of mental hygiene on you as a model.

Meanwhile I am tremendously looking forward to seeing
you. I shall take the liberty of telephoning first. My address
in Vienna will be Congress of Religious Psychology, Vorsaal
des Kleinen Festsaal der Universitiit.

You do not like people mentioning your illness. But all the
same you know how much . . .

With cordial greetings from your grateful

Pfister

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

... I have been greatly touched by the great sacrifices you
have made for the psycho-analytic publishing house, and
thus for the psycho-analytic movement. I cannot help again
regarding you as the noble Nathan who is so much better
than the nominal Christians. It would be a disgrace if we,
who owe so much to the publishing house, left it in the lurch,
or simply left the burdens to your strong shoulders. We have
agreed unanimously that your wishes must and shall be
carried out so far as lies in our power. ...

138

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich,

24'5-33
Dear Professor Freud,

I heard the news of Ferenczi's death last night. I am
deeply grieved at the loss of your distinguished champion,
and I wish to share my sorrow with you. With Abraham he
was the man who most thoroughly imbibed, not only your
ideas, but also your spirit and, thus impelled and qualified,
planted the banner of psycho-analysis in more and more
new countries. In particular his brilliant discoveries about
the psychology of philosophical thought, and metaphysical
thought in particular, made me a grateful admirer of the
modest man, and I was glad to have the opportunity during
the war of forwarding his correspondence to America, though
in doing so I had no suspicion that I was playing the part of
a postilion d' amour. I hope he crossed into the land of the un-
conscious without pain.

The loss of this doughty champion is quite specially painful
in these bedevilled, mindless times. . . .

I paid a brief visit to Germany last week, and it will be a
long time before I am able to get rid of the feeling of disgust I
got there. The proletarian militarism there stinks even more
evilly than the blue-blooded Junker spirit of the Wilhelmine
era. Cowardly towards the outside world, it wreaks its
infantile rage on defenceless Jews, and even loots the
libraries. Good luck to him who in the face of such crass
idiocy still has the strength to be a doctor of souls. . . .

Hohe Warte 46,
Vienna XIX,

28.5-1933
Dear Dr Pfister,

I thank you very warmly for your letter of sympathy on

Ferenczi's death. I deserve it, for the loss is very distressing.

True, it was not unexpected. For the past two years our

friend had not been himself; he suffered from pernicious

139

anaemia with motor disturbances and mentally had changed
very much; finally he died of asphyxia. He will remain in our
memory as he was during the previous twenty years. I am of
the opinion that some of his work, his genital theory, for
instance, will preserve his memory for a long time.^

I was very pleased to hear such good news of you. Our
horizon has been darkly clouded by the events in Germany.
Three members of my family, two sons and a son-in-law, are
looking for a new country and have not yet found one.
Switzerland is not one of the hospitable countries. There has
been little occasion for me to change my opinion of human
nature, particularly the Christian Aryan variety. My ex-
change of letters with Einstein has been published simul-
taneously in German, French and English, but in Germany
it can be neither advertised nor sold.

Martin will be coming to Ziirich again soon.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^Urich,

17.2.34

. . . Reich's book on character analysis is very startling and
is the subject of lively discussion. Some of it is very attractive,
but some very surprising indeed. Is it not going too far to
postpone all analytic interpretation until the ego resistance
has been broken? Is it not wrong that the positive transference
cannot be dissolved? I thought that everything false and
disturbing could and had to be resolved. To me and many
others it seems desirable that you should lead off the dis-
cussion of Reich's innovations in our journals and mono-
graphs. The question whether one should be so economical
with interpretations seems to me to be especially important.

^ Versuch einer Genilaltheoris, Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag,
Leipzig, Vienna, Zurich, 1924. {Thalassa: a Theory of Genitality, New
York, Psycho-Andlylic Quarterly, 1933-4)

140

Hitherto I have taken careful regard of the patient's digestive
abihty, not to the need of producing a crisis in him. Is the
crisis or surprise technique really so important? Some ex-
periences speak for it, some against. . . .

Strassergasse ^7,
Vienna XIX,

I 3-6 -1 934
Dear Dr Pfister,

I congratulate you on your honorary degree, but cannot
agree to your passing on to me the honour conferred on you;
as the champion of rehgion against my Future of an Illusion
you have the sole right to it. The fact that the Geneva theo-
logical faculty was not deterred by psycho-analysis is at least
worthy of recognition.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^Urich,

8.11.1934

Dear Professor Freud,

Will it not bore you if I send you another translation of my
Httle educational book?^ It has now appeared in German,
French, English, Itahan, Spanish, Polish, Greek and finally
Danish. I hope that it will at least stimulate an appetite for
less easily digestible fare. The introduction is by one of
Denmark's leading theologians, a bishop,^ cathedral preacher
and university professor, who came to me for analysis four
years ago. Unfortunately he was able to remain here for
only a few weeks, but he was deeply impressed by the depth
and power of analysis, as was the case incidentally with
another Scandinavian bishop. I acquired a great respect for

^ The Danish version of Pfister's Psycho-analysis in the Service of Education
^ The Norwegian Bishop Bergrav

141

the intelligence and integrity of both men. Their sense of
reality exceeded that of a number of prejudiced natural
scientists, and they gave up their doubts only after the
strongest resistance.

The Lucerne congress has certainly yielded good fruits.
We are no longer in the great age when, because of your
intervention, each congress gave birth to tremendous dis-
coveries and one returned home astonished and rejoicing.
No more new continents are discovered and handed over to
pioneers to explore. Now the age of colonisation has set in,
rich in detailed work, groping forward and searching, and
also rich in errors and mistakes, reminiscent of the times of
the first creative miracles of analysis and its 'Let there be
light'. Unfortunately I was unable to be present at the climax
of the meeting, the last day, as I was detained professionally.
I am told, however, that it was the best of all. In any case the
members of the various national societies grew closer to each
other again, and the feeling was conveyed that the Inter-
national Psycho-Analytical Association is now a strong
organisation, well fortified against all sorts of shocks. . . .

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

25-1 1 -1934
Dear Dr Pfister,

Your little book which has now reached me in its new
linguistic guise has had a fine career, and has certainly done
good work for analysis at each of its stopping-places. I am
delighted at all your successes. That you should be such a
convinced analyst and at the same time a clerical gentleman
is one of the contradictions that make life so interesting.

I have heard from all quarters that the Lucerne congress
left behind a strong impression of firm cohesion among
analysts. Perhaps the times immediately ahead will put the
organisation to the test. Things are so bad everywhere in the
world, why should analysis have it any easier? Of course

142

everyone of us hopes he will be an exception and that his
friends will be the same.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,
31.1.1936
Dear Dr Pfister,

Yes, it is a piece of unexpected good news,^ but not without
its difficulties. It is not to be expected that it will go through
without some legal complications. By a fortunate coinci-
dence my son Martin will be going to Ziirich in the next few
days. He will call on you and discuss the whole matter. As
he is a lawyer and publisher, he is in the best possible position
to form an opinion. I think you should prepare a copy of the
will for him immediately. Let me not omit to express my
sympathy for the poor young man who faces the end of life
at such an early age.

My state of health generally is good, though I am very
much plagued and hampered by the local complaint in my
mouth. My daughter, who has taken complete charge of
looking after me, strongly objects to the congress's being held
at a distant place, because she does not want to leave me. If
the choice does not fall on a near place, she will probably not
attend.

Special reasons for declining a Festschrift and all that sort
of thing do not seem to me to be called for. An eightieth
birthday is hardly an event that calls for celebration.
I am glad that you and your family are well.

With cordial greetings.

Yours,
Freud

1 A young American patient of Pfister's had left a will in favour of the
publishing house

Berggasse ig,
Vienna IX,

Dear Dr Pfister, ^7-3-37

How delightful to hear from you again after a long
interval. Can I assume that you and yours are well? I have
handed over Mr G.'s letter to my son, who will deal with it.
Let us wish the generous benefactor a long life, if he is able
to enjoy it.

My daughter will certainly gladly accept your report; she
will hardly dispute that her files are incomplete. Actually I
do not deserve your reproach for not writing anything. I
have finished a sizeable piece about some significant matters,^
but because of external considerations, or rather dangers, it
cannot be published. It is again about religion, so again it
will not be pleasing to you. So only a few short papers have
been usable for the Almanac and Imago.

With cordial greetings,

Yours,
Freud

PFISTER TO FREUD ^urich.

Dear Professor Freud, '^''^

Shaken to the depths as I am by the events taking place in
Austria, I cannot omit expressing my most profound sym-
pathy with you and offering you all the help that lies in my
power. I should be delighted if there were anything practical
I could do to demonstrate the gratitude that I feel towards
you. The lecture I am giving to-night again reminds me of
the tremendous amount that science has to thank you for. I
am convinced that every member of the Psycho-Analytical
Society will be proud of the opportunity of being of service
to you and your delightful family.

In cordial gratitude and friendship.

Yours,
Pfister
^ Moses and Monotheism, Standard Ed. Vol. XXIII

PFISTER TO FRAU FREUD Berghaldenstrasse j^,

^iirich VII,
12.12.1g3g

Last Saturday the Swiss Psycho-Analytic Society held a
memorial meeting in honour of your great husband in the
cantonal mental hospital of Konigsfelden, canton of Aargau.
Our president, Dr Sarasin, in a warm and deeply felt speech
presented us with a character portrait of the brilliant and yet
so infinitely kindly Titan. It was left to me to read to the
assembly extracts from the 134 letters from the brilliant
scientist and paternal friend that I have preserved. I also
described to them conversations and meetings with him
extending over about thirty years. After me Dr Meng spoke
about the significance of Sigmund Freud. The occasion was
not for the purpose of doing homage to the dead man to
whom we have such a tremendous amount to be grateful for,
but a profession of loyalty to the living Freud, to whom we
can pay off a small part of our debt of gratitude, not by
expressing our admiration and veneration, but only by culti-
vating his work.

In examining your husband's letters it was with both grief
and pleasure that I was once again reminded of how in-
finitely much his family meant to him. I vividly remember
his introducing me to you, his three fine sons, the vital
Sophie, and the little mother of the lizards on April 25, 1909.
I, who grew up fatherless and suffered for a life-time under a
soft, one-sided bringing up, was dazzled by the beauty of
that family life, which in spite of the almost superhuman
greatness of the father of the house and his deep seriousness,
breathed freedom and cheerfulness, thanks to his love and
sparkling humour. In your house one felt as in a sunny
spring garden, heard the gay song of larks and blackbirds,
saw bright flower-beds, and had a premonition of the rich
blessing of summer. To the visitor it was immediately
evident that a large part of that blessing was to be attributed
to you, and that you, with your gentle, kindly nature, kept

145

putting fresh weapons into your husband's hands in the fierce
battle of life. The more human beings struck him as trash (he
used that expression once in his letters), the more the 'grim
divine pair Ananke and Logos' (that is his own phrase too)
forced him into their grim service, the more need he had of
you, and without you even the giant that he was would have
been unable to achieve the tremendous task on behalf of
good-for-nothing humanity that his life-work represents. His
letters show that his friends also meant much to him, and
the fact that I had the privilege of counting among his closest
friends cheered me in the sad business of paying him tribute.

Now and in later years it must be a satisfaction to you and
your children to remember how much you contributed to
mitigating your husband's internal and also external suffer-
ings and the tragedy of his old age by your goodness and
piety. From the letter of your daughter Anna to our president
we learnt with pleasure how capable of enjoyment the great
tolerator remained to the end. For that he was indebted to
all of you. On September 21, 1926, your husband wrote to
me saying how glad he was that his daughter was beginning
to do good work in the field of psycho-analytic pedagogics,
which I inaugurated and was the only application of psycho-
analysis which was flourishing.

During the last few years I have often thought of a striking
passage in his letter of June 3, 19 10, which I believe I should
now quote to you. It was as follows:

I cannot face with comfort the idea of life without work; work
and the free play of the imagination are for me the same thing, I
take no pleasure in anything else. That would be a recipe for
happiness but for the appalling thought that productivity is
entirely dependent on a sensitive disposition. What would one do
when ideas failed or words refused to come? It is impossible not to
shudder at the thought. Hence, in spite of all the acceptance of
fate which is appropriate to an honest man, I have one quite
secret prayer: that I may be spared any wasting away and
crippling of my ability to work because of physical deterioration.
In the words of King Macbeth, let us die in harness. "^

146

At any rate his wish for mental rest after dying in the royal
harness of the thinker has now been fulfilled.

Your husband's letters are among my most cherished pos-
sessions. As long as I live I shall always have them by my
side. With my sixty-seven years I have myself now reached
old age and have moved into a wonderfully situated place of
retirement. Mentally I still feel pretty fresh, only sometimes,
though rarely, there are periods of fatigue, as on my last trip
to Vienna, when my memory failed. I am working on a
number of projects in which, with my feeble powers, I con-
tinue your husband's method of work. Though the un-
favourable times are more willing to strike up a dance for
the devil of lies than to listen to symphonies of truth, I
believe with your husband: La verite est en marche.

With cordial greetings to you and your children, and
especially Fraulein Anna and Dr Martin.

With deep devotion,

Yours,
Pfister
Frau Professor Dr Freud,
20 Maresfield Gardens,
London, N.W.3

147

INDEX

Abraham, Dr Karl, 93, 96, 10 1,

139
Adler, Dr Alfred, 47, 48, 51, 85,

88, 94, 95, 107
Aichhorn, August, 128
Analyse einer Melancholie, 29
Analysis of Hate and Reconciliation^

38
Analytische Untersuchung iiber die

Psychologie des Masses und der

Versohnung, 38
Angewandte Psychologie, 26
Anwendung der Psychoanalyse in der

Pddagogik und Seelsorge, 55
Artemidorus of Daldis, 25
Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes, 58
Autobiographical Study, 96

Beitrag zur Psychopathologie des

Alltagslebens, 51
Bergmann Verlag, 58
Bergrav, Bishop, 141
Berlin Psycho-Analytic Clinic, 75
Bernays, Ely, 77
Berner Seminarhldtter, 55
Binswanger, Dr Ludwig, 32, 33,

88
Bircher, 73
Bleuler, Dr Eugen, 35, 45, 48, 54,

56, 118
British Psycho-Analytical Society,

57
Brunstad, 1 15

C. F. Meyer, eine pathographisch-

psychologische Studie, 3 1
Civilisation and its Discontents, 1 3 1
Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific

Interest, The, 60
Clark University, 37
Collected Papers on the Theory of the

Neuroses, 43

Complete Psychological Works of
Sigmund Freud, The, 1 9

Das Inzest-Motiv in Dichtung und
Sage: GrundzUge einer Psychologie
des dichterischen Schajfens, 57

Delusions and Dreams in fenserCs
''Gradiva', 19

Denkwiirdigkeiten eines Nerven-
kranken, 45

Der psychologische und biologische
Untergrund expressionistischer
Bilder, 77

Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion,

115
Der ZnfM ^^d die Koboldstreiche des

Unbewussten, 79
Deuticke, 49, 50, 55, 58, 71
Die Askese, 109
Die Behandlung schwer erziehbarer

und abnormer Kinderm, 78
Die Entwicklung des Apostel Paulus,

eine religionsgeschichtliche und

psychologische Skizze, 76
Die Frommigkeit des Graf en Ludwig

von Zinzendorf 34, 35, 40-1, 42,

46
Die Fruchtbarkeit der Psychoanalyse

fiir Ethik und Religion, 65
Die Gesundheit, 41
Die Idee der Religion, 1 1 5
Die Legende Sundar Singhs, 103
Die Liebe des Kindes und ihre

Fehlentwicklungen, 85
Die Liebe vor der Ehe und ihre

Fehlentwicklungen, 96
Die psychoanalytische Methode —

erfahrungswissenschaftlisch-

systematische Darstellung, 55, 88
Die psychologische Entrdtselung der

religiosen Glossolalie und der auto-

matischen Kryptographie, 44

Die Religion in Geschichte und

Gegenwart, 104
Die Wanderratten, 24
Dreisch, Hans, 1 14

Ebbinghaus, 130
Ego and the Id, The, 112, 135
Ehrenfels, Professor von, 19
Ein Fall von Psychoanalytischer

Seelsorge und Seelenheilung, 20
Ein Pseudoprophet, 73
Einstampfen! Eine Richligstellung in

Sachen der Psychoanalyse, 84
Eitingon, Dr Max, 75, log, 119,

123, 128
Entwicklungsziele der Psychoanalyse,

92
Epsiein, D., 51
Erismann, T., 26
Erotic Motive in Literature, The, 72
Evangelische Freiheit, 20, 30
Experimental Dreams concerning
Theoretical Subjects, Psyche and
Eros, 82
Expressionism in Art, Its Psycho-
logical and Biological Basis, 77

Federn, Dr Paul, 103

Ferenczi, Dr Sandor, 28, 72, 92,

93, 128, 139
Five Lectures on Psycho- Analysis, 37,

79
Fliess, Wilhelm, 7
Flournov, Theodore, 78
Fontane, Theodor, 41
Forster, Professor F. W., 25, 27,

29, 30, 3i> 33> 37. 43
Freud, Anna, 10, 128, 146, 147
Freud, Ernst, 41, 51, 64, 89
Freud, Martin, 66, 72, 143, 147
Freud, Oliver, 64
Freud, Sophie, 48, 74-5, 145
Freud, Master and Friend, 53
Freuds Libidotheorie verglichen mit

der Lehre Platos, 80
Freuds Neuroserdehre nach ihrem

gegenwdrtigen Stand, 55

Freund, Dr Anton von, 65
Future of an Illusion, The, 9, 109,

118, 122, 124, 125, 126, 130,

141

Gillet, M., 71

Gottfried Keller, 73

Gradiva, 34

Groddeck, Dr Georg Walther, 80,

81, 82
Group Psychology and the Analysis of

the Ego, 82

Haberlin, Professor Paul, 86

Hall, Stanley, 25, 29

Hartmann, Dr Heinz, 127

Heine, 24

Heller, 71

Hirschfeld, 60

Hitschmann, Dr Eduard, 37, 55,

73
Honegger, J., 26
Hug-Hellmuth, Hermine von, 58
Hungarian Psycho-Analytical

Society, 28
Huttens letzte Tage, 54
Hysteric und Mystik bei Margarethe

Ebner, 47

Illusion of a Future, 9

Imago, 7, 28, 53, 55, 57, 58, 73,
76, 82, 116, 117, 1 19, 144

Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety,
102

Instincts and their Vicissitudes, 47

International Psycho-Analytical
Association, 45, 68, 91, 93, 121,
124, 142

Internationale ^eitschrift fiir Psycho-
analyse, 78

Interpretation of Dreams, The, 4.1,
48, 72

Introductory Lectures, 72

Jahrbuch fiir Psychoanalytische und
Psychopathologische Forschungen
{Tear Book), 25, 29, 38, 44, 45,
47, 58

150

Jones, Dr Ernest, 57, 59, 65, 72,
93. 128

Journal of Psychology {and Physio-
logy of the Sense Organs), 44

Jung, Dr Carl Gustav, 15, 17, 22,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35,

37. 38, 40, 41. 42, 45> 47. 57.
58, 59, 60, 73, 74, 85, 88, 107

Kaiser, Fraulein F., 29
Keller, A., 60
Korrespondenzblatt, 45
Kronfeld, Arthur, 56
Kryptographie und unbewusstes

Vexierbild bein Normalen, 53
Kultur und Ethik, 1 1 5

Leonardo da Vinci and a Alemory of
his Childhood, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38,

71
Letters of Sigmund Freud, 7
Lipps, G. F., 86
Love in Children and its Aberrations,

85. 92
Luzenberger, A., 51

Maeder, Alphonse, 56, 58
Malan, Mile H., 71
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 105
Meng, Dr, 145
Messmer, Oskar, 53, 55, 58
Meumann, E., 49
Meyer, C. F., 30, 31, 54
Mordell, Albert, 72
Muralt, Alexander von, 73, 74
Myth of the Birth of the Hero, The,
21

Nachmansohn, Max, 80

Meue Presse, 92

Neue ^iircher ^eitung, 78

Nohl, Hermann (Johann), 65, 67

J^otes upon a Case of Obsessional

Neurosis, 25
Nuremberg, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37

Oberholzer, Dr Emil, 75

Oneirocritica, 25

Origins of Psycho- Analysis, The, 7

Palestinian Psycho-Analytical

Society, 75
Pfenninger, Pastor, 9
Pfister, Erika {nee Wunderli), 8
Pfister, Martha {nee Zuppinger-

Urner), 8
Plato als Vorldufer der Psychoanalyse,

80
Psyche, 53

Psychical {or Aiental) Treatment, 41
Psychoanalyse in einem Fall von

Errotungsangst als Beilrag zur

Psychologic des Schamgefiihls, 51
Psycho-Analysis in the Service of

Education, 61, 141
Psychoanalytische Erfahrungen aus der

Volkschulspraxis, 96
Psychoanalytische Seelsorge und

Aioral-Pddagogik, Protestantische

Alonatshefte, 25
Psycho- Analytic Method, The, 55,

95, 107 (see also Die psycho-
analytische Methode)
Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 30,

Qiiestion of Lay Analysis, The, 104,
126

Rank, Otto. 21, 57, 65, 66, 67, 68,
71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 83, 92,

93. 94
Reik, Dr Theodor, 96
Reutte, 25, 26
Revue de Geneve, 79
Rorschach, Dr Hermann, 84, 85,

86, 94
Ruhige Erwdgungen im Kampfe urn

die Psychoanalyse, 60

Sachs, Dr Hanns, 53, 64, 68, 69,

70, 71
Sadger, Isidor, 31
Salzburg, 25

151

Sammlung Kleiner Schriften zur

Neurosenlehre, 43, 66
Sarasin, Dr Philipp, iig, 138, 145
Schieber, Daniel Paul, 45
Schjelderup, Christian, 109
Schjelderup, Harald, iio
Schneider, Professor, 85
Schreber, 45, 47
Schriften zur Angewandten Seelen-

kunde, 2 1 , 40
Schweitzer, Albert, 115
Schweizer Blatter fiir Schulgesund-

heitspflege, 15
Scisnlia, 60
Seelsorger, g
Siebeck, 49, 50
Sigmund Freud, der Mann, die Lehre,

die Schule, 92
Silberer, Herbert, 79
Simmel, Dr Ernst, 93, 103
Society for Psychical Research, 47
Some Applications of Psycho-Analysis,

76
Spielmaier, Herr, 25
Spitteler, Carl, 28, 131
Stekel, Dr Wilhelm, 16, 39, 47,

49, 5i> 92
Storring, Gustav, 26
Studies on Hysteria, 1 24
Swiss Psycho-Analytic Society,

119, 145

Tausk, Dr Viktor, 71

Thalassa: a Theory of Genitality,

140
Three Essays on the Theory of

Sexuality, 34, 124

tjber die psychologischen Theorien
Freuds und verwandten Anschau-
ungen, 56

IJber Lesen und Schreiben in Traume,
49

Verfall und Wiederaufbau der Kultur,

115
Versuch einer Genitaltheorie , 140
Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society,

48
Von Eucken, 1 15
Von Muralt, Alexander, 73
Vorlesung iiber paranoide Wahn-

bildung, 26

Wagner-Jauregg, Professor Julius

von, 73
Wahnvorstellung und Schiilerselbst-

mord, 15
Waldburger, A., 25
Was bietet die Psychoanalyse dem

Erzieher?, 61
Wittels, Dr Fritz, 92
World Conference on New

Education, 128

Zeitschrift zur Anwendung der

Psychoanalyse duf die Geistes-

wissenschaften, 53
Zentralblatt, 44, 45, 47, 51, 58
Zinzendorf, Count, 34, 35, 36,

40-1, 42, 46, 50
Zulliger, Hans, 96, 119
Zum Kampfum die Psychoanalyse, 76
^ur kritischen Wiirdigung der Freud-

schen Lehre, 26
Zurich Society for Aiding the

Mentally Sick, 73
^wei Erziehungsbiicher von Professor

Paul Hdberlin, 86

152

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Psychoanalysis and faith mam
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